Studies Studies on the phytochemicals of clove and their biological activities

  • Authors

    • R Hema Krishna university of toronto
    2024-03-06
    https://doi.org/10.14419/8j86jz80

  • Abstract

    Cloves are a fragrant spice made from the dried flowers of the clove tree. In the past, spices used to be worth their weight in gold, and cloves were no exception. Today, cloves remain a popular spice that gives many dishes subtly sweet warmth. A drop of clove oil is 400 times more powerful as an anti-oxidant than wolf berries or blueberries. Cloves contain a lot of manganese, a mineral that helps your body manage the enzymes that help repair your bones and make hormones. Manganese can also act as an antioxidant that protects your body from harmful free radicals (unstable atoms that cause cell damage). Cloves are a fragrant, dense spice that can be added to both savory dishes (such as curries) and sweet desserts (such as pumpkin pie). They're full of powerful nutrients that help protect your cells from damage. Some natural compounds in cloves interfere with medicines or cause side effects that can be life-threatening. So, it's safest to only cook or bake with cloves and enjoy this spice's health benefits that way. Clove is utilized in cosmetics, medicine, gastronomy, and agriculture due to its abundance of bioactive components such as gallic acid, flavonoids, eugenol acetate, and eugenol. Clove essential oil has been revealed to have antibacterial, antinociceptive, antibacterial activities, antifungal, and anticancerous qualities. Anti-inflammatory chemicals, including eugenol and flavonoids, are found in clove that help decrease inflammation and alleviate pain. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic qualities of clove oil have made it a popular natural cure for toothaches and gum discomfort. Due to its therapeutic potential, it has been used as a bioactive ingredient in coating fresh fruits and vegetables. This research article outlines the potential food processing applications of clove essential oil. The chemical structures of components, bioactive properties, and medicinal potential of clove essential oil, including phytochemical importance in food, have also been thoroughly addressed.

     

  • References

    1. Chen X, Ren L, Li M, Qian J, Fan J, Du B. Effects of clove essential oil and eugenol on quality and browning control offresh-cutlettuce.FoodChem.(2017) 214:432–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.101.
    2. Aguilar-González AE, Palou E, López-Malo A. Antifungal activity of essential oils of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and/or mustard (Brassica nigra) in vapor phase against gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) in strawberries. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. (2015) 32:181–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2015.09.003.
    3. Donsì F, Annunziata M, Sessa M, Ferrari G. Nanoencapsulation of essential oils to enhance their antimicrobial activity in foods. LWT Food Sci Technol. (2011) 44:1908–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2011.03.003.
    4. Sebaaly C, Jraij A, Fessi H, Charcosset C, Greige-Gerges H. Preparation and characterization of clove essential oil-loaded liposomes. Food Chem. (2015) 178:52–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.067.
    5. Vahedikia N, Garavand F, Tajeddin B, Cacciotti I, Jafari SM, Omidi T, et al. Biodegradable zein film composites reinforced with chi-tosan nanoparticles and cinnamon essential oil: physical, mechanical, structural and antimicrobial attributes. Colloids Surf B Biointer-faces. (2019) 177:25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.01.045.
    6. Assadpour E, Mahdi Jafari S. A systematic review on nanoencapsulation of food bioactive ingredients and nutraceuticals by various nanocarriers. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. (2019) 59:3129–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1484687.
    7. Ribeiro-Santos R, Andrade M, Melo NR de, Sanches-Silva A. Use of essential oils in active food packaging: recent advances and future trends. Trends Food Sci Technol. (2017) 61:132–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.11.021.
    8. Zhelyazkov S, Zsivanovits G, Stamenova E, Marudova M. Physical and barrier properties of clove essential oil loaded potato starch edible films. Biointerface Res Appl Chem. (2022) 12:4603–12. https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC124.46034612.
    9. Haro-González, J.N.; Castillo-Herrera, G.A.; Martínez-Velázquez, M.; Espinosa-Andrews, H. Clove essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): Extraction, chemical composition, food applications, and essential bioactivity for human health. Molecules 2021, 26, 6387. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216387.
    10. Cortés-Rojas DF, de Souza CRF, Oliveira WP. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): a precious spice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. (2014) 4:90–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60215-X.
    11. Nuñez L, D'Aquino M. Microbicide activity of clove essential oil (Eugenia caryophyllata). Braz J Microbiol. (2012) 43:1255–60. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822012000400003.
    12. Matan N, Rimkeeree H, Mawson AJ, Chompreeda P, Haruthaithanasan V, Parker M. Antimicrobial activity of cinnamon and clove oils under modified atmosphere conditions. Int J Food Microbiol. (2006) 107:180–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.07.007.
    13. Bajpai VK, Baek KH, Kang SC. Control of Salmonella in foods by using essential oils: a review. Food Res Int. (2012) 45:722–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.04.052.
    14. Li WJ, Nie SP, Liu XZ, Zhang H, Yang Y, Yu Q, et al. Antimicrobial properties, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of ethanol-soluble acidic components from Ganoderma atrum. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50:689–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.12.011.
    15. Delgado-Adámez J, Fernández-León MF, Velardo-Micharet B, González-Gómez D. In vitro assays of the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of aqueous leaf extracts from different Prunus salicina Lindl. cultivars. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012) 50:2481–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.024.
    16. Voon HC, Bhat R, Rusul G. Flower extracts and their essential oils as potential antimicrobial agents for food uses and pharmaceutical applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. (2012) 11:34–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00169.x.
    17. Bajpai VK, Sharma A, Baek KH. Antibacterial mode of action of Cudraniatricuspidata fruit essential oil, affecting membrane permeabil-ity and surface characteristics of food-borne pathogens. Food Control. (2013) 32:582–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00169.x.
    18. Cimino C, Maurel OM, Musumeci T, Bonaccorso A, Drago F, Souto EMB, et al. Essential oils: pharmaceutical applications and encap-sulation strategies into lipid-based delivery systems. Pharm. (2021) 13:327. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00169.x.
    19. Plati F, Paraskevopoulou A. Micro- and nano-encapsulation as tools for essential oils advantages' exploitation in food applications: the case of oregano essential oil. Food Bioprocess Technol. (2022) 15:949–977. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-021-02746-4.
    20. Dorman HJD, Surai D, Deans SG. In vitro antioxidant activity of a number of plant essential oils and Phytoconstituents. Journal of Es-sential Oil Research. 2000; 12: 241–248.https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2000.9699508.
    21. Gulcin I, Sat IG, Beydemir S, Elmastas M, Kufrevioglu OI. Comparison of antioxidant activityof clove (Eugenia caryophyllataThunb) buds and lavender (Lavandula stoechas L.). Food Chemistry. 2004; 87: 393-400.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.12.008.
    22. Yadav AS, Bhatnagar D. Free radical scavenging activity, metal chelation and antioxidant power of some Indian spices. Biofactors. 2007; 31(3-4): 219-227.https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.5520310309.
    23. Lee KG, Shibamoto T. Antioxidant property of aroma extract isolated from clove buds [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. Et Perry]. Food Chemistry. 2001; 74(4): 443–448.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00161-3.
    24. Raghavenra H, Diwakr BT, Lokesh BR, Naidu KA. Eugenol, the active principle from cloves inhibits 5-lipoxygenase activity and leu-kotriene-C4 in human PMNL cells. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 2006; 74: 23–27.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2005.08.006.
    25. Prasad RC, Herzog B, Boone B, Sims L, Waltner-Law L. An extract of Syzygium aromaticum represses genes encoding hepatic gluco-neogenic enzymes. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 96(1-2):295-301.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.024.
    26. Ghelardini C, Galeotti N, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Mazzanti G, Bartolini A. Local anaesthetic activity of β-caryophyllene 11. Farmaco. 2001; 56: 387–389.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-827X(01)01092-8.
    27. Srivastva KC. Antiplatelet principles from a food spice clove (Syzygium aromaticum L). Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1993; 48(5):363-72.https://doi.org/10.1016/0952-3278(93)90116-E.
    28. Singh AK, Dhamanigi SS, Asad M. Anti-stress activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of Eugenia caryophyllus buds (clove). Indian J. Pharmacol. 2009; 41:28-31.https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.48889.
    29. Feng J, Lipton JM. Eugenol: Antipyretic activity in rabbits. Neuropharmacology. 1987; 26: 1775–1778.https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3908(87)90131-6.
    30. Healthcare T. PDR for herbal medicines. 4th ed. Montvale: Thomson Healthcare; 2004.
    31. Li HY, Lee BK, Kim JS, Jung SJ, Oh SB. Eugenol inhibits ATP-induced P2X currents in trigeminal ganglion neurons. Korean J Physiol-Pharmacol. 2008;12(6):315–321. https://doi.org/10.4196/kjpp.2008.12.6.315.
    32. Ohkubo T, Shibata M. The selective capsaicin antagonist capsazepine abolishes the antinociceptive action of eugenol and guaiacol. J Dent Res. 1997;76(4):848–851. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345970760040501.
    33. Daniel AN, Sartoretto SM, Schimidt G, Caparroz-Assef SM, Bersani-Amado CA, Cuman RK. Anti-inflamatory and antinociceptive ac-tivities of eugenol essential oil in experimental animal models. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2009;19(1B):212–217. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2009000200006.
    34. Kurokawa M, Hozumi T, Basnet P, Nakano M, Kadota S, Namba T, et al.et al. Purification and characterization of eugeniin as an anti-herpesvirus compound from Geum japonicum and Syzygium aromaticum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998;284(2):728–735.
    35. Kurokawa M, Nagasaka K, Hirabayashi T, Uyama S, Sato H, Kageyama T, et al.et al. Efficacy of traditional herbal medicines in combi-nation with acyclovir against herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res. 1995;27(1–2):19–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-3542(94)00076-K.
    36. Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S. Molecular targets of dietary agents for prevention and therapy of cancer. BiochemPharmachol. 2006;71(10):1397–1421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2006.02.009.
    37. Slamenová D, Horváthová E, Wsólová L, Sramková M, Navarová J. Investigation of anti-oxidative, cytotoxic, DNA-damaging and DNA-protective effects of plant volatiles eugenol and borneol in human-derived HepG2, Caco-2 and VH10 cell lines. Mutat Res. 2009;677(1–2):46–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.05.016.
    38. Ghosh R, Nadiminty N, Fitzpatrick JE, Alworth WL, Slaga TJ, Kumar AP. Eugenol causes melanoma growth suppression through inhi-bition of E2F1 transcriptional activity. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(7):5812–5819. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M411429200.
    39. Atsumi T, Fujisawa S, Tonosaki K. A comparative study of the antioxidant/prooxidant activities of eugenol and isoeugenol with vari-ous concentrations and oxidation conditions. Toxicol In Vitro. 2005;19(8):1025–1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2005.04.012.
    40. Nam H, Kim MM. Eugenol with antioxidant activity inhibits MMP-9 related to metastasis in human fibrosarcoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013;55:106–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.050.
    41. Doleželová P, Mácová S, Plhalová L, Pištěková V, Svobodová Z. The acute toxicity of clove oil to fish Danio rerio and Poecilia reticu-lata. Acta Vet Brno. 2011;80(3):305–308. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201180030305.
    42. Guénette SA, Ross A, Marier JF, Beaudry F, Vachon P. Pharmacokinetics of eugenol and its effects on thermal hypersensitivity in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007;562(1–2):60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.01.044.
    43. Park IK, Shin SC. Fumigant activity of plant essential oils and components from garlic (Allium sativum) and clove bud (Eugenia cary-ophyllata) oils against the Japanese termite (Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe) J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53(11):4388–4392. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf050393r.
    44. Eamsobhana P, Yoolek A, Kongkaew W, Lerdthusnee K, Khlaimanee N, Parsartvit A, et al.et al. Laboratory evaluation of aromatic es-sential oils from thirteen plant species as candidate repellents against Leptotrombidium chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae), the vector of scrub typhus. Exp Appl Acarol. 2009;47(3):257–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-008-9214-2.
    45. Sritabutra D, Soonwera M, Waltanachanobon S, Poungjai S. Evaluation of herbal essential oil as repellents against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles dirus Peyton &Harrion. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2011;1(Suppl 1):S124–S128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60138-X.
    46. Barbosa JD, Silva VB, Alves PB, Gumina G, Santos RL, Sousa DP, et al.et al. Structure-activity relationships of eugenol derivatives against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. Pest Manag Sci. 2012;68(11):1478–1483. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3331.
    47. Kafle L, Shih CJ. Toxicity and repellency of compounds from clove (Syzygium aromaticum) to red imported fire ants Solenopsisinvic-ta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) J Econ Entomol. 2013;106(1):131–135. https://doi.org/10.1603/EC12230.
    48. Zhang QH, Schneidmiller RG, Hoover DR. Essential oils and their compositions as spatial repellents for pestiferous social wasps. Pest Manag Sci. 2013;69(4):542–552. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3411.
    49. Javahery S, Nekobin H, Moradlu AH. Effect of anaesthesia with clove oil in fish (review) Fish PhysiolBiochem. 2012;38(6):1545–1552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-012-9682-5.
    50. Hekimoğlu MA, Ergun M. Evaluation of clove oil as anaesthetic agent in fresh water angelfish, Pterophyllumscalare. Pak J Zool. 2012;44(5):1297–1300.
    51. Afify AE, El-Beltagi HS, Aly AA, El-Ansary AE. Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation as biomarker for potato tuber stored by two essential oils from caraway and clove and its main component carvone and eugenol. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012;2(Suppl 2):S772–S780.https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60312-8.
    52. G. Hussein, H. Miyashiro, N. Nakamura, M. Hattori, N. Kakiuchi, K. Shimotohno, Inhibitory effects of Sudanese medicinal plant ex-tracts on hepatitis C virus(HCV) protease. Phytotherapy research: an international journal devoted to pharmacological and toxicological evaluation of natural product derivatives,Phytother Res. 14 (7) (2000) 510–516, https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1573(200011)14:7<510::AID-PTR646>3.0.CO;2-B.
    53. M. Kurokawa, T. Hozumi, P. Basnet, M. Nakano, S. Kadota, T. Namba, T. Kawana, K. Shiraki, Purification and characterization of Eu-geniin as an anti-herpesviruscompound from Geum japonicum and Syzygium aromaticum, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 284 (2) (1998) 728–735.
    54. M. Ogata, M. Hoshi, S. Urano, T. Endo, Antioxidant activity of eugenol and related monomeric and dimeric compounds, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 48 (10) (2000)1467–1469,https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.48.1467.
    55. T. Atsumi, I. Iwakura, S. Fujisawa, T. Ueha, Reactive oxygen species generation and photo-cytotoxicity of eugenol in solutions of var-ious pH, Biomaterials 22(12) (2001) 1459–1466, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00267-2.
    56. L. Jirovetz, G. Buchbauer, I. Stoilova, A. Stoyanova, A. Krastanov, E. Schmidt, Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of clove leaf essential oil,J. Agric. Food Chem. 54 (17) (2006) 6303–6307, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf060608c.
    57. W. Gülçin, ˙I.G. S¸ at, S¸ . Beydemir, M. Elmastas¸, ¨O.˙I. Küfrevioǧlu, Comparison of antioxidant activity of clove (Eugenia caryo-phylataThunb) buds and lavender (Lavandula stoechas L.), Food Chem. 87 (3) (2004) 393–400, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.12.008.
    58. S.H. Ho, L.P.L. Cheng, K.Y. Sim, H.T.W. Tan, Potential of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) merr. And perry as a grain protectant against Triboliumcastaneum (herbst) and Sitophilus zeamaismotsch, Postharvest Biol. Technol. 4 (1–2) (1994) 179–183, https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-5214(94)90019-1.
    59. E.H.Kim, H.K. Kim, Y.J. Ahn, Acaricidal activity of clove bud oil compounds against Dermatophagoidesfarinae and Dermatopha-goidespteronyssinus (Acari:pyroglyphidae), J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 (4) (2003) 885–889, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0208278.
    60. I.K. Park, S.C. Shin, Fumigant activity of plant essential oils and components from garlic (Allium sativum) and clove bud (Eugenia caryophyllata) oils against the Japanese termite (Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe), J. Agric. Food Chem. 53 (11) (2005) 4388–4392, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf050393r.
    61. S. Karunamay, S.R. Badhe, V. Shukla, N. Singh, K. Lali, S. Patil, Application of clove essential oil in food industry – a review, Journal of Food Research andTechnology 7 (4) (2019) 23–25.
    62. S. Singh, J. Bond, A. Singh, A. Rustagi, Evaluation of antibacterial properties of essential oils from clove and eucalyptus, Evaluation 7 (5) (2014).
    63. A.B. Khatkar, A. Ray, A. Kaur, Effect of addition of clove essential oil on the storage stability of paneer, Journal of Pharmaceutical In-novation 6 (9) (2017) 39. A.
    64. V. Shukla, S.K. Mendiratta, R.J. Zende, R.K. Agrawal, R. Kumar Jaiswal, Effects of chitosan coating enriched with Syzygium aromati-cum essential oil on quality and shelf-life of chicken patties, J. Food Process. Preserv. 44 (11) (2020), e14870, https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.14870.
    65. B. Sung, S. Prasad, V.R. Yadav, B.B. Aggarwal, Cancer cell signaling pathways targeted by spice-derivednutraceuticals,Nutr.Cancer64(2)(2012)173–197,https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2012.630551.
    66. F.Fadilah,A.Yanuar,A.Arsianti,R.Andrajati,Phenylpropanoids,eugenolscaffold,anditsderivativesasanticancer,AsianJ.Pharmaceut.Clin.Res.10(3)(2017)41–46, https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i3.16071.
    67. https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=76&contentid=02011-2.
    68. A.B. Perumal, R.B. Nambiar, P.S. Sellamuthu, R.S. Emmanuel, Use of modified atmosphere packaging combined with essential oils for prolonging postharvest shelf life of mango, LWT 148 (2021), 111662, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111662.
    69. R.L. Cansian, A.B. Vanin, T. Orlando, S.P. Piazza, B.M.S. Puton, R.I. Cardoso, I.L. Gonçalves, T.C. Honaiser, N. Paroul, D. Oliveira, Toxicity of clove essential oil and its ester eugenyl acetate against Artemia salina, Braz. J. Biol. 77 (1) (2017) 155–161, https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.12215.
    70. S. Phothisuwan, W. Preechatiwong, N. Matan, Enhancement of antibacterial activity of essential oil vapor released from a paper egg tray in combination with UV-C radiation against pathogenic bacteria on chicken eggs, J. Food Process. Preserv. 44 (10) (2020), e14794, https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.14794.
    71. K.S. Musthafa, J. Hmoteh, B. Thamjarungwong, S.P. Voravuthikunchai, Antifungal potential of eugenyl acetate against clinical isolates of Candida species, Microb. Pathog. 99 (2016) 19–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2016.07.012.
    72. K. Kaur, S. Kaushal, R. Rani, Chemical composition, antioxidant and antifungal potential of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential Oil, its major compound and its derivatives, Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants 22 (5) (2019) 1195–1217, https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2019.1688689.
    73. P. Barajas-´Alvarez, G.A. Castillo-Herrera, G.M. Guatemala-Morales, R.I. Corona-Gonz´alez, E. Arriola-Guevara, H. Espinosa-Andrews, Supercritical CO2-ethanol extraction of oil from green coffee beans: optimization conditions and bioactive compound identi-fication, Journal of Food Science and Technology.Arriola-Guevara. H. Supercritical 58 (12) (2021) 4514–4523, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04933-1.
    74. P.Eamsobhana, A. Yoolek, W. Kongkaew, K. Lerdthusnee, N. Khlaimanee, A. Parsartvit, N. Malainual, H.S. Yong, Laboratory evalua-tion of aromatic essential oils from thirteen plant species as candidate repellents against Leptotrombidium chiggers (Acari: trombiculi-dae), the vector of scrub typhus, Exp. Appl. Acarol. 47 (3) (2009) 257–262, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-008-9214-2.
    75. D. Sritabutra, M. Soonwera, S. Waltanachanobon, S. Poungjai, Evaluation of herbal essential oil as repellents against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles dirus Peyton &Harrion, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 1 (1) (2011) S124–S128, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60138-X

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Hema Krishna, R. (2024). Studies Studies on the phytochemicals of clove and their biological activities. International Journal of Advanced Chemistry, 12(1), 35-46. https://doi.org/10.14419/8j86jz80