Proximate, GC-FID, and micronutrient analysis of ex-tracts of azadirachta indica

  • Authors

    • Amadi Benjamin Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
    • Emelieze Mary Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
    • Ogunka-Nnoka Charity Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
    • Agomuo Nnabugwu Department of Biochemistry, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria
    • Amadi Peter Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
    2017-08-26
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijac.v5i2.8124
  • Proximate, Vitamins, Minerals, Phytochemicals, Neem Plant

  • Different extraction media applied on the pulverized leaves of Neem plant (Azadirachta indica) were analyzed for its proximate, phytochemical, and micronutrient compositions, predominantly using the gas chromatographic technique. The results showed that the ethanol extract contained the highest amounts of carbohydrates and fibre. No significant difference (p>0.05) was recorded for the protein and ash content of both ethanol and methanol extracts, while the moisture and fat contents occurred highest in aqueous and methanol extracts respectively. The phytochemical screening revealed the absence of glycosides in all the extracts while steroids were found only in methanol and ethanol extracts. The aqueous extracts contained greater amounts of epicate chin (13.42%), lunamarine (5.81%), tannin (19.18%) and phytates (0.27%), but lacked anthocyanin, phenol and kaempferol, while rutin (77.54%), ribalinidine (2.06%), oxalate (1.23%), anthocyanin (1.16%), and sparteine (0.05%) occurred highest in the ethanol extract. Only sparteine was lacking in the methanol extract. No significant difference was recorded between the aqueous and ethanol extracts for the vitamin A, D, C, and B2­ contents, while except for vitamin B3 (0.22mg/100g) and vitamin K (0.08mg/100g), 08mg/100g), the methanol extracts contained the least amounts of the vitamins evaluated. Manganese, zinc, copper, calcium and lead contents of the methanol extract were significantly higher than those of the other extracts while the aqueous extract contained the highest amount of sodium. This study has provided the scientific backing for the application of a specific extraction medium during the exploitation of distinct phytochemicals, while water, ethanol, and methanol should be the preferred extraction media for vitamins, proximate and dietary mineral contents respectively.

     

  • References

    1. [1] Abdel Moneim, A.E. (2014) “Azadirachta indica attenuates cisplatininduced neurotoxicity in rats,†Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 46(3), pp. 316–321. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.132182.

      [2] Abdel Moneim, A.E. Othman, M.S. and Aref, A.M. (2014) “Azadirachta indica attenuates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress,†BioMed Research International, vol. 2014, Article ID647131, 11 pages.

      [3] AOAC (2006). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC (Horwitz,W editor) 18th edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists Washington, DC, USA.

      [4] AOAC. (1984). Standard Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Analytical Chemists. 14 Edn., Association of Analytic Chemists, Washington DC.

      [5] AOAC. (1990).Official methods of analysis (15thedn.,).Washington DC, USA. Association of official analytical chemists inch 400-2200 Wilson Boalevard, Arlinton Virginia USA, 2: 910-92.

      [6] Armand, A.B., Nicolas, Y.N., Harquin, S.F., Joel, S., Didier, M., Carl, M. and Mbofung, F. (2012) Proximate Composition, Mineral and Vitamin Content of Some Wild Plants Used as Spices in Cameroon, Food and Nutrition Sciences, 3, 423-432 https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2012.34061.

      [7] Atangwho, I. J., Ebong, P. E., Eyong, E. U. Williams, I. O. Eteng, M. U. and Egbung, G. E. (2009) Comparative chemical composition of leaves of some antidiabetic medicinal plants: Azadirachta indica, Vernonia amygdalina and Gongronema latifolium. African Journal of Biotechnology 8 (18), pp. 4685-4689.

      [8] Baligar, N. S. Aladakatti, R. H., Ahmed, M. and Hiremath, M. B. “Evaluation of acute toxicity of neem active constituent, nimbolide and its hepatoprotective activity against acute dose of carbon tetrachloride treated albino rats,†International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, ( 5) 8, pp. 3455– 3466, 2014.

      [9] Bangash, J.A. Muhammad, A., Faizullah, K., Faridullah, K., Amin-Ur-Rahman and Iqbal. H. (2011) Proximate Composition, Minerals and Vitamins Content of Selected Vegetables Grown in Peshawar, J.Chem.Soc.Pak., 33 (1), 118-121

      [10] Bertone-Johnson, E.R., Hankinson, S.E., Bendich, A., Johnson, S.R., Willett, W.C. and Manson, J.E. (2005) Calcium and vitamin D intake and risk of incident premenstrual syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 165(11):1246-52. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.11.1246.

      [11] Bhanwra, S. (2000) “Effect of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf aqueous extract on paracetamol induced liver damage in rats,†Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 64– 68.

      [12] Bharti,R., Ahuja,G., SujanGanapathy,P.S. and Dakkappa, S.S. (2012). A review of medicinal palnts having antioxidant potential. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 5(8):4278 – 4287.

      [13] Callahan, C. (2010). ’’Uses of Neem Datun for teeth’’. Living strong .com. Demand Media.

      [14] Chatterjea, M. N. and Shinde, R. (1998) Text Book of Medical Biochemistry. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 173.

      [15] Clarissa, F., Daniela, L., Tadeu, J., Elba, L., Joabe, G., Thiago, A. and Ulysses, P. (2012) Levels of Tannins and Flavonoids in Medicinal Plants: Evaluating Bioprospecting Strategies, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2012, Article ID 434782, 7 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/434782.

      [16] Dingman, S.L. (2002). Water in soils: infiltration and redistribution. Physical hydrology, second edition, upper saddle river, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. p. 646.

      [17] Durrani, F.R. Chand, N. Jan, M. Sultan, A. Durrani, Z. and Akhtar, S. “Immunomodulatory and growth promoting effects of neem leaves infusion in broiler chicks,†Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 24, pp. 655–659, 2008.

      [18] Ejoba, R. (2012) Phytochemical constituents of some leaves extract of Aloe vera and Azadirachta indica plant species Global Advanced Research Journal of Environmental Science and Toxicology, 1(2) pp. 014-017.

      [19] Enin, G. N. Antia, B. S. and Enin, F. G. (2014) Chemical assessement of the proximate, minerals, and anti-nutrients composition of Sida acuta leaves, Elixir Org. Chem. 71 24654-24660

      [20] Ghimeray, A. K. Jin, C. W. Ghimire, B. K. and Cho, D. H. (2009) “Antioxidant activity and quantitative estimation of azadirachtin and nimbin in Azadirachta indica A. Juss grown in foothills of Nepal,†African Journal of Biotechnology, (8)13, pp. 3084–3091.

      [21] Girish, K.and Neem, S. B. S. “A green treasure,†Electronic Journal of Biology, 4, pp. 102–111, 2008.

      [22] Harborne, J. B. (1973). Photochemical methods. A guide to modern Technique of plant Analysis. 2nd edn. Chapman and Hall, New York.

      [23] Hoffman, P.C., Combs, D.K. and Casler, M.D. (1998). Performance of lactating dairy cows fed alfalfa silage or perennial ryegrass silage. J. Dairy Sci. 81: 162-168. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75563-8.

      [24] Hussain, I., Ullah, R., Ullah, R., Khurram, M. Ullah, N. Baseer, A. Khan, F.A. and Khattak, M.R. (2011) Phytochemical analysis of selected medicinal plants, African Journal of Biotechnology, (38), pp. 7487-7492

      [25] Ikewuchi, C.C. and Ikewuchi, J.C. (2009) Comparative Study of the Vitamin Composition of Some Common Nigerian Medicinal Plants. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology 10(1) 367-371

      [26] Ishfaq, H. and Farrukh, H.( 2015) Proximate and elemental analysis of five selected medicinal plants of family Solanaceae, Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 28(4), pp.1203-1215

      [27] Kashif M. and Ullah, S. (2013). Chemical Composition and Minerals Analysis of Hippophae rhamnoides, Azadirachta indica, Punica granatu and Ocimum sanctum Leaves World Journal of Dairy & Food Sciences 8 (1): 67-73, DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjdfs.2013.8.1.1119

      [28] Kaur, G., Sarwar Alam, M. and Athar, M. “Nimbidin suppresses functions of macrophages and neutrophils: relevance to its antiinflammatory mechanisms,†Phytotherapy Research, 18(5), pp. 419–424, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1474.

      [29] Krishan, N., Swetanus P., Prachian, J., Prakhar, G., Raskit Chaudhary, S., Viaidyanathan, P.G., Bharath, K. and Binary Panda. (2011).’’De novo sequencing and assembly of Azadirachta indica fruit transcriptome’’. Current Science 101(12): 1553- 1561.

      [30] Kumar, D.S., Sharathnath, K.V., Yogeswaran, P., Harani, A., Sudhakar, K., Sudha, P. and Banji, D. (2010). A medicinal Potency of Momordica charantia. International Sciences Review and Research 1(2), 95-100.

      [31] Latif, A., Ahmad, H., Begum, S., Adnan, M., Hussian, S. and Waseem, M. (2003). Medicinal and other economic plants as substitute to forest logging in Miandam and Sulatanr valleys, Swat. Proceedings of international workshop on conservation and sustainable use of medicinal and aromatic plants in Pakistan. WWF-Pak. 101-105.

      [32] Matthews, H.B., Lucier, G.W. and Fisher, K.D. (1999) Medicinal herbs in the United States: Research needs. Environ. Health Perspect., 107, 773–778. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.99107773.

      [33] Mosaddek, A. S. M. and Rashid, M. M. U. “A comparative study of the anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extract of neem leaf and dexamethasone,†Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 3(1), pp. 44–47, 2008. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v3i1.836.

      [34] Natarajan, V., Venugopal, P. V. and Menon, T. (2003) “Effect of Azadirachta indica (Neem) on the growth pattern of dermatophytes,†Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 21(2), pp. 98–101.

      [35] Nduche, M. U., Edeoga, H. O., Omosun, G. And Nwankwo, D. (2015) Evaluation of the Chemical Composition of Five Nigerian Medicinal Plants IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS), 10(2), PP 27-31

      [36] Niture, N.T., Ansari, A.A. and Naik, S.R. (2014) Anti-hyperglycemic activity of rutin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: an effect mediated through cytokines, antioxidants and lipid biomarkers. Indian J Exp Biol. 52(7):720-7.

      [37] Njoku, O. V. and Obi, C. (2009) Phytochemical constituents of some selected medicinal plants African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 3 (11), pp. 228-233.

      [38] Nwachoko, N. and Jack, I. R. (2015) Phytochemical screening and antidiarrhoea activities of Tetracarpidium conophorum induce in albino rats Sky Journal of Biochemistry Research Vol. 4(3), pp. 016 – 020.

      [39] Odoemelam, S.A, Ifenkwe, O.I.O., Okoro, E.K. and Okechukwu, C.R. Phytochemical and heavy metals determination in leafy vegetables consumed in Eastern Nigeria, World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 4(11), 177-192.

      [40] Offor, C.E. (2014) Comparative Chemical Analyses of Vernonia amygdalina and Azadirachta indica Leaves IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) 9(5) PP 73-77

      [41] Okwu, D.E. (2005). Phytochemicals, Vitamins and Mineral contents of two Nigeria Medicinal plants. Int. J.Mol. Med. Adv. Sci. 1(4): 375-381.

      [42] Osuntokun, O.T. (2015) Comparative Study of Antibacterial and Phytochemical Properties of Nigerian Medicinal plants on Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enteritidis Isolated from Poultry Feaces in Owo local Government. Ondo State, Nigeria, Journal Archives of Current Research International, 2(1):1-11

      [43] Osuntokun, O.T. and Oluwafoise B.O. (2015) Phytochemical screening of ten Nigerian medicinal plants. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development 2(4), 390-396

      [44] Prajapati, N.D. and Prajapati, T. (2002). Sustainable cultivation of medicinal plants; Multi tier agriculture system-A new concept. URL www.techno-preneur.net/timeis/technology

      [45] Reddy R.R.Y, Krishna, K.C., Lokanatha, O., Mamatha, S. and Damodar, R.C. (2013) Antimicrobial activity of Azadirachta Indica (neem) leaf, bark and seed extracts Int. J. Res. Phytochem. Pharmacol. 3(1), 1-4

      [46] Sahito S.R, Memon, M.A. Kazi, T.G and Kazi, G.H. (2003). Evaluation of Mineral content in medicinal plant Azadirachta indica (neem).J. chem. Soc.Pak 25(2): 139-143.

      [47] Shinwari, Z.K., Rehman, M., Watanabe, T. and Yoshikawa, T. (2006). A Pictorial guide to medicinal plants of Pakistan. Kohat University of Science and Technology Pakistan.

      [48] Shitlani, D. Choudhary, R. Pandey, D.P. and Bodakhe, S.H. (2016) Ameliorative antimalarial effects of the combination of rutin and swertiamarin on malarial parasites, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 6(6), Pages 453-459 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(16)61067-8.

      [49] Siddiqui, B.S., Afshan, F., Faizi, S., Naqvi, S.N. Tariq, R.M. (2000) Two Insecticidal Tetranortriterpenoids From Azadirachta Indica Phytochemistry 53 (3), 371-376.

      [50] Sithisarn, P. Supabphol, R. and Gritsanapan, W. (2005) “Antioxidant activity of Siamese neem tree (VP1209),†Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 99(1), pp. 109–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.02.008.

      [51] Sofowora, A. (1980). Guidelines for research promotion and development in traditional medicine Nig. J. Pharmacy. 11:117-118.

      [52] Ujowundu, C.O., Kalu, F.N., Emejulu, A.A., Okafor, O.E., Nkwonta, C.G. and Nwosunjoku, E.C. (2010) Evaluation of the chemical composition of Mucuna utilis leaves used in herbal medicine in Southeastern Nigeria African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 4(11), pp. 811-816.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Benjamin, A., Mary, E., Charity, O.-N., Nnabugwu, A., & Peter, A. (2017). Proximate, GC-FID, and micronutrient analysis of ex-tracts of azadirachta indica. International Journal of Advanced Chemistry, 5(2), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijac.v5i2.8124