Ameliorative effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins on cadmium induced metabolic alterations in rats

  • Authors

    • Nazima Bashir Annamalai University
    • Vaihundam Manoharan Annamalai University
    • Milton prabu Annamalai University
    2014-05-31
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijbr.v2i2.2553

  • Objective: To study the ameliorative effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSP) against cadmium (Cd) induced hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia in rats.

    Methods: Wistar rats, body weight 180-200g, were randomly divided into four groups, six rats in each group. First group (control) represented the control animal, the second group (Cd) was fed orally with Cd in the form of CdCl2 (5mg/kg bw), the third group (GSP) was fed with GSP (200 mg/kg bw) and to the fourth group (Cd+GSP), CdCl2 was administered orally at a dose of (5 mg/kg bw) and pre-treated with GSP (200 mg/kg bw) 90 min before Cd intoxication for 4 weeks. At the end of experiment, rats were sacrificed; blood and liver samples were collected and used for analysis of various metabolic parameters.

    Results: The result of the present study revealed that Cd exposure caused significant reduction in food intake and body weight gain, but increased the liver weight. GSP administration significantly revert all these changes to normal level. Cd intoxication induced hyperglycemia, elevate plasma glucose and lipid profiles and decline in high density lipoprotein (HDL) -cholesterol respectively. The GSP pre- treatment regimen was beneficial in the restoration of the increased serum levels of TC, TG and lipid profiles and of the suppressed insulin and total antioxidants on Cd exposure.

    Conclusion: From the present investigation, it may be concluded that Cd intoxication caused deleterious effects on the metabolism of rats which were successfully restored by GSP. Therefore, the present work suggests that GSP is a feasible therapeutic agent to improve and treat patients with hyperlipidemia, obesity, hyperglycemia in addition to its anti-oxidant properties and can be used as a component in food to promote the health of people.

     

    Keywords: Cd, GSP, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism, Liver.

    Author Biography

    • Milton prabu, Annamalai University

      Assistant Professor

      Department of Zooogy

      Annamalai University

      India

  • References

    1. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry) (2005). Draft Toxicological Profile for Cadmium. Department of Health and Humans Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, USA.
    2. Baginsky ES, Foa PP, Zad B (1974). Glucose-6-phosphatase In: Bergemeyer H.U., editor. Methods of enzymatic analysis. New York, Academic; 2: 788-92.
    3. Baskaran Yogalakshmi1, Carani Venkatraman Anuradha (2013). Role of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins in the Suppression of High Calorie Diet-Induced Hepatic Injury and Apoptosis. Sci and Res; 2(7): 406-411.
    4. Blade C, Arola L & Salvad MJ (2010). Hypolipidemic effects of proanthocyanidins and their underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms. Mol. Nutr. Food Res; 54: 37-59.
    5. Brandstup N, Kirk JE, Bruni C (1957). Determination of hexokinase in tissues. J. Gerontol; 12:166-71.
    6. Brodt-Epply J., White P., Jenkins S., Hui D.Y. (1995). Plasma cholesterol esterase level is a determinant for an atherogenic lipoprotein profile in normolipidemic human subjects. Biochim biophys acta; 1272(2): 69-72.
    7. Burnstein M., Scholnic M.R., Mortin R. (1970). Rapid method of isolation of lipoprotein from human serum by precipitation of polyanion. J. Lipid Res; 11:583-87.
    8. Carlson, S. E., & Goldford, S (1977). A sensitive enzymatic method for determination of free and esterified tissue cholesterol. Clinica Chimica Acta; 79: 575-582.
    9. Chalasani N, Aljadhey H, Kesterson J, Murray MD, Hall SD (2004). A patient with elevated liver enzymes is not at higher risk for statin hepatotoxicity. Gastroenterology; 126: 1287-1292.
    10. Del Bas JM, Fernández-Larrea J, Blay M, Ardèvol A, Salvadó MJ, Arola L, et al (2005). Grape seed procyanidins improve atherosclerotic risk index and induce liver CYP7A1 and SHP expression in healthy rats. FASEB J.; 19(3): 479–81.
    11. Dewael J, Raaymakers CE, & Endeman HJ (1977). Simplified quantitative determination of total fecal bile acids. Clinica Chimica Acta; 79: 465-470.
    12. Engelbrecht AM, Mattheyse M, Ellis B, Loos B, Thomas M, Smith R, Peters S, Smith C, Myburgh K (2007). Proanthocyanidin from grape seeds inactivates the PI3-kinase/PKB pathway and induces apoptosis in a colon cancer cell line. Cancer Lett. 258: 144-153.
    13. Erdogan Z, Erdogan S, Celik S, Unlu V (2005). Effects of ascorbic acid on cadmium-induced oxidative stress and performance of broilers. Biol. Trace Elem. Res.; 104: 19-31.
    14. Fossati P & Lorenzo P (1982). Serum triglycerides determined colorimetrically with an enzyme that produces hydrogen peroxide. Clin. Chem.; 28: 2077-80.
    15. Harborne JB & Mabry TJ (1982). The flavanoids: advances in research. New York: Chapman and Hall.
    16. Harstad EB & Klaassen CD (2004). Acute cadmium exposure enhances AP-1 DNA binding and induces cytokines expression and heat shock protein 70 in HepG2 cells. Toxicology; 197: 213-28.
    17. Hofmann AF & Hagey LR (2008). Bile acids: chemistry, pathochemistry, biology, pathobiology, and therapeutics. Cell Mol. Life Sci.; 65: 2461- 2483.
    18. Huesca-Gomez C, FrancoM, Luc G, Montano LF, Masso F, Posadas-Romero (2002). Chronic hypothyroidism induces abnormal structure of high-density lipoproteins and impaired kinetics of apolipoprotein A-I in the rat. Metabolism; 51: 443-50
    19. Hussein HM, EI-Sayed EM, Said AA (2006). Antihyperglycemic, Antihyperlipidemic and Antioxidant Effects of Zizyphus spina christi and Zizyphus jujuba in Alloxan Diabetic Rats. Int. J. Pharm; 2: 563-570.
    20. Insull W Jr (2006). Clinical utility of bile acid sequestrants in the treatment of dyslipidemia: a scientific review. South Med. J.; 99: 257- 273.
    21. Kaiek HD, Stellaard F, Kruis W, Paumgartner G (1984). Detection of increased bile acid content in simple stool samples. Clin. Chim. Acta.; 140: 85-90.
    22. Kakkar P, Das B, Viswanathan PN (1984). A modified spectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase. Ind. J. Biochem. Biophys; 2: 130-2.
    23. Kantola T, Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ (1998). Grapefruit juice greatly increases serum concentration of lovastatin and lovastatin acid. Clin. Pharmacol Ther.; 63: 397-402.
    24. Kim, E & Na, KJ (1991). Effect of sodium dichromate on carbohydrate metabolism. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol; 110: 251-258.
    25. Kinney LaPier T. L. & K. J. Rodnick (2001). Effects of aerobic exercise on energy metabolism in the hypertensive rat hear. Physical Therapy; 81:1006-1017.
    26. Larregle EV, SM Varas, LB Olivreos, LD Martinez, R Anton, E Marchevsky, MS Gimenez (2008). Lipid metabolism in liver of rat exposed to cadmium. Food Chem.Toxicol; 46: 1786-1792.
    27. MacDougald, OA, Hwang, CS, Fan H, Lane MD (1995). Regulated expression of the obese gene product (leptin) in white adipose tissue and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; 92 9034-9037.
    28. Milton Prabu S, K.Shagirtha, and J Renugadevi (2010). Amelioration of Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress, Impairment in Lipids and Plasma Lipoproteins by the Combined Treatment with Quercetin and α-Tocopherol in Rats. J. Food Sci.; Vol. 75, NR.7.
    29. Milton S Prabu & Shagirtha K (2013). Caffeic avid potentially attenuates cadmium intoxicated oxidative stress mediated hepatotoxicity in rats. Photon; 139: 141-152.
    30. Myers-payne sc, Hui dy, Brockman hl, Chroedar f (1995). Cholesterol esterase: a cholesterol transfer protein. Biochem.; 34(3942): 39-47.
    31. Nazimabashir, Vaihundam Manoharan & Selvaraj Milton Prabu (2014). Protective role of grape seed proanthocyanidins against cadmium induced hepatic dysfunction in rats. Toxicol. Res.; 3, 131-141
    32. Preuss HG, Montamarry S, Echard B, Scheckenbach R, Bagchi D (2001). Long-term effects of chromium, grape seed extract, and zinc on various metabolic parameters of rats. Mol. Cell Biochem.; 223: 95-102.
    33. Rao AV & Ramakrishnan S (1975). Indirect assessment of hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase (NADPH) activity in liver tissue. Clin Chem; 21(10): 1523-5.
    34. Robert L Godeau G, Gavignet-Jeanninc, Groult N, Six C, Robert AM (1990). The effect of procyanidolic oligomers on vascular permeability .a study using quantitative morphology. Pathol. Biol. (Paris); 38: 608-16.
    35. Sarkar S, Yadav P, Trivedi R, Bansal AK & Bhatnagar D (1995). Cadmium induced lipid peroxidation and status of antioxidant systems in rat tissue. J.Trace. Elem. Med. Biol; 9: 144-149.
    36. Seifter S, Dayton S, Novic B, Muntwyler E (1950). Estimation of glycogen with anthrone reagent. Arch Biochem; 25: 191-200.
    37. Sethupathy S, Elanchezhiyan C, Vasudevan K, Rajagopal G (2002). Antiatherogenic effect of taurine inhigh fatdiet fed rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol.; 40: 1169-72.
    38. Stohs, S.J., Bagchi, D., Hassoun, E., Bagchi, M (2000). Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of chromium and cadmium ions. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol; 19: 201-213.
    39. Suwannaphet W, Meeprom A, Yibchok-Anun S, Adisakwattana S (2010). Preventive effect of grape seed extract against high-fructose diet-induced insulin resistance and oxidative stress in rats. Food Chem Toxicol; 48(7): 1853-7.
    40. Timbrell J (2000). Principles of biochemical toxicology 3rd ed. London. Taylor and Francis.
    41. Walter MF (2007). The role of hypertriglyceridemia in atherosclerosis. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep.; 9: 110-5.
    42. Wu X & Prior RL (2005). Systematic identification and characterization of anthocyanins by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS in common foods in the United States: fruits and berries. J. Agric. Food Chem.; 53: 2589-2599.
    43. Xu L, Li B, Cheng M, et al (2008). Oral administration of grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts downregulate RAGE dependant nuclear factor-kappa BP65 expression in the hippocampus of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol Diabetes; 116: 215-224.
    44. Zhang Y, Jayaprakasam B, Seeram NP, Olson LK, DeWitt D, Nair MG (2004). Insulin secretion and cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition by Cabernet Sauvignon grape skin compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem.; 52: 228-233.
    45. Zlatkis A, Zak B, Boyle GJ (1953). A simple method for determination of serum cholesterol. J. Clin. Med.; 41: 486-92.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Bashir, N., Manoharan, V., & prabu, M. (2014). Ameliorative effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins on cadmium induced metabolic alterations in rats. International Journal of Biological Research, 2(2), 28-34. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijbr.v2i2.2553