Phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant activity and acute toxicity of Irvingia gabonensis (O’Rorke) baill ethanolic leaf extract

  • Authors

    • Efosa Ewere University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
    • Emmanuel Uka University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
    • Usunomena Usunobun Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.
    2016-03-24
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijbr.v4i1.5939
  • 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Oxidative Stress, Antioxidants, Free Radicals, Irvingia gabonensis (O’Rorke) Baill.

  • This study was aimed at determining the phytochemical composition, antioxidant effect and acute toxicity of Irvingia gabonensis (O’Rorke) baill (IG) ethanolic leaf extract. Qualitative phytochemcal analysis was carried out on the ethanolic leaf extract using standard procedures. Different concentrations of the plant extract (20 µg/ml- 100µg/ml) were used to assess its effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical activity, It's reducing power and it total phenolic content. Lorke’s method of acute toxicity was adopted for the acute toxicity study. Results obtained showed the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, and carbohydrates in the leaf extract. The ethanolic leaf extract of IG significantly (P< 0.05) inhibited the activity of DPPH when compared with the vitamin C standard. IG leaf extract also showed a higher reducing power as compared with the Vitamin C standard. The total phenolic content of IG ethanolic leaf extract was however, significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of gallic acid, the standard used. Futhermore, the LD50 of the ethanolic leaf extract was found to be above 5000mg/kg body weight. Irvingia gabonensis (O’Rorke) baill ethanolic leaf extract is a rich source of important phytochemicals and possesses a high antioxidant activity. Also, the administration of the ethanolic leaf extract in wistar rats is safe up to a dose of 5000mg/kg body weight.

  • References

    1. [1] AlamMN, Bristi NJ and Rafiquzzaman M. (2013) Review on in vivo and in vitro Methods of Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 21: 143-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2012.05.002.

      [2] Chang ST, Wu, JH, Wang SH., KangP.L, Yang NS and Shyur L.F. (2001) Antioxidant Activity of Extracts from Acacia confusa Bark and Heartwood. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49: 3420-3424. Pubs.acs.org. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0100907.

      [3] Covacci V, Torsello A, Palozza P, Sgambato A, Romano G, Boninsegna A, Cittadini A. and Wolf FI. (2001) DNA oxidative damage during differentiation of HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells. Chemical Research in Toxicology.14:1492–7. Pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10…/tx010021m

      [4] Dicarlo G, Maxolo N, Izzo A. and Capasso F. C. (1999) Flavonoids: Old and New Aspects of a Class of Therapeutic Drugs. Life Sciences. 65: 337-353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00120-4.

      [5] Ehle M, Patel C. and Giugliano RP. (2011) Digoxin: Clinical Highlights: A Review of Digoxin and its Use in Contemporary Medicine. Critical Pathways in Cardiology. 10: 93-8. Doi: 10.1097/HPC.0b013e31221e7dd.

      [6] Gadanya AM, Sule MS. and Atiku MK. (2011) Acute Toxicity Study of “Gadagi†Tea on Rats. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 4(2): 147 – 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v4i2.29.

      [7] Guo T, Wei L, Sun J, Hou C. and Fan L. (2011) Antioxidant Activities of Extract and Fractions from Tuber indicumCooke &Massee. Food Chemistry.127: 1634-1640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.02.030.

      [8] Heo SJ, Park EJ, Lee KW and Jeon Y.J. (2005) Antioxidant Activities of Enzymatic Extracts from Brown Seaweeds. Bioresource. Technology. 96: 1613-1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.4490/ALGAE.2003.18.1.071.

      [9] Hubert DJ, Wabo FG, Ngameni B, Ngheguin TF, Tchoukoua A, Ambassa P, Abia W, Tchana AN, Giardina S, Buonocore D, Vita FP, Vidari G, Marzatico F, Ngadjui BT. and Moundipa PF. (2010) “In vitrohepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of the crude extract and isolated compounds from Irvingia gabonensis. Asian Journal of Traditional Medicine. 5(3): 79-88.

      [10] Kinsella JE, Frankel E, German BJ and Kannder J. (1993) Possible Mechanism for the Protective Role of Antioxidants in Wine and Plant Foods. Food Technology. 47: 85-89.

      [11] Krishnaraju AV, Rao TVN, Sundararaju D. Vanisree M, Tsay H and Subbaraju GV. (2005) Assessment of Bioactivity of Indian Medicinal Plants using Brine Shrimp (Artemiasalina) lethality assay. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering 2: 125-134.

      [12] Le Marchand L. (2002) Cancer Preventive Effects of flavonoids-A review. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 56:296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00186-5.

      [13] Lorke D. (1983) A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Archives of Toxicology. 53:275-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01234480.

      [14] Lowe AJ, Gillies ACM, Wilson J. and Dawson IK. (2000) Conservation genetics of Bush Mango from Central/West Africa: Implications for RAPD analysis. Molecular Ecology. 9(7): 831 – 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00936.x.

      [15] Manikandan L, Senthilkumar GP, Rajesh LT, and Suresh R. (2006) Cancer Chemopreventive Agents from Medicinal Plants. In: Trivedi, P.C. Medicinal Plants: Ethnobotanical approach. Agrobios, India.

      [16] Matsuura M. (2001) Saponins in Garlic as Modifiers of the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of Nutrition 131:1000–1005.

      [17] Menger L, Vacchelli E, Adjemian S, Martins I, Ma Y, Shen S, Yamazaki T, Sukkurwala AQ, Michaud M, Mignot G, Schlemmer F, Sulpice E, Locher C, Gidol X, Ghiringhelli F, Modjtahedi N, Galluzzi L, Andre F, Zitvogel L, Kepp O. and Kroemer G. (2012) Cardiac Glycosides Exert Anticancer Effects by Inducing Immunogenic Cell Death. Science Translational Medicine. 4: 143ra99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3003807.

      [18] NagalapurSK and Paramjyothi S. (2010) In-vitro Antioxidant Activity of LaunaneapinnatifidacassLeaves. The Bioscan 5(1): 105-108.

      [19] Narasimhan S, Shobana R. and Sathya TN. (2006) Antioxidants - Natural Rejuvenators that Heal, Detoxify and Provide Nourishment. In: Rakesh, K.S., Rajesh, A. (eds). Herbal Drugs: A Twenty First Century Prospective. New Delhi. J.P Brothers Medical Publishers. 548-57.

      [20] Newman RA, Yang P, Pawlus AD and Block KI. (2008) Cardiac Glycosides as Novel Cancer Therapeutic Agents. Molecular Interventions. 8: 36-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mi.8.1.8.

      [21] Oktay M, Gulcin I. and Kufrevioglu OI. (2003) Determination of in vitro Antioxidant Activity of Fennel (Foeniculumvulgare) Seed Extracts.Lebanon.Wissen Technology. 36: 263-271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(02)00226-8.

      [22] Okwu DE. (2001) Evaluation of the Chemical Composition of Indigenous Spices and Flavouring Agents. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 7(3): 455- 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjpas.v7i3.16293.

      [23] Okwu DE and Okwu ME. (2004) Chemical Composition of Spondiasmombin Linn. Plant Parts. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment. 6(2):140 – 147.

      [24] Oyaizu M. (1986) Studies on Products of Browning Reaction: Antioxidative Activity of Product of Browning Reaction Prepared from Glucosamine. Japanese Journal of Nutrition. 44: 307-315. http://dx.doi.org/10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.44.307.

      [25] Ozbek H, Ozturk M, Ozturk A, Ceylan E. and Yener Z. (2004) Determination of Lethal Doses of Volatile and Fixed Oils of Several Plants. Eastern Journal of Medicine. 9 (1): 4 – 6.

      [26] Perne A, Muellner MK, Steinrueck M, Craig-Mueller N, Mayerhofer J, Schwarzinger I, Sloane, M, Uras IZ, Hoermann G, Nijman, SMB, and Mayerhofer M. (2009) Cardiac Glycosides Induce Cell Death in Human Cells by Inhibiting General Protein Synthesis. PLoS One. 4: e8292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008292.

      [27] Pulido R, Bravo L. and Savana-Calixto F. (2000) Antioxidant Activity of Dietary Polyphenols as Determined by a Modified Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 48 (8): 3396 – 3402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf9913458.

      [28] Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M. and Rice-Evans C. (1999) Antioxidant Activity Applying an Improved ABTS Radical CationDecolorization Assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine.26: 1231-1237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3.

      [29] Rice-Evans CA, Miller NJ and Paganga G. (1996) Structure-Antioxidant Activity Relationships of Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids. Free Radical Biology and Medicine.20: 933-956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(95)02227-9.

      [30] Sofowora A. (1993) Medicinal plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. 2nd Ed. Sunshine House, Ibadan, Nigeria. Spectrum Books Ltd. Pp. 134-156.

      [31] Steven A, Bailey Robert H, Zidell, and Richard WP. (2004) Relationships between Organ Weight and Body/Brain Weight in the Rat: What Is the Best Analytical Endpoint? Toxicologic Pathology. 32:448–466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926230490465874.

      [32] Sumino, Sekine T., Ruangrungsi N, Igarashi K, and Ikegami F. (2002) Ardsiphenols and other Antioxidant Principles from the Fruits of Ardisiacolorata. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 50 (11): 1484 – 1487.http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.50.1484.

      [33] Surville N. (1955) Notes surquelquesplantesmedicamenteuses du Sud-Cameroun. ORSTOM. Yaounde. P. 10.

      [34] Tailler M, Senovilla L, Lainey E, Thépot S, Métivier D, Sébert M, Baud V, Billot K, Fenaux P, Galluzzi L, Boehrer S, Kroemer G and Kepp O. (2012) Antineoplastic Activity of Ouabain and Pyrithione Zinc in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Oncogene. 31: 3536-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/onc.2011.521.

      [35] Tanaka H, Sato M. and Fujiwara S. (2002) Antibacterial Activity of Isoflavonoids Isolated from Erythrinavariegata Against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Letters in Applied Microbiology 35: 494 – 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765X.2002.01222.x.

      [36] Terao J. and Piskula M. (1997) Flavonoids as Inhibitors of Lipid peroxidation in Membranes. Life Science. 87: 263 – 269.

      [37] Trease GE and Evans WC. (1989) Pharmacognosy, 13th Ed. ELBS/BailliereTindall, London. Pp 345-773.

      [38] Udeala O, Onyechi J. and Agu S. (1980) Sourcing Pharmaceutical Raw Materials from Indigenous Medicinal plants. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 32:36.

      [39] Villaño D, Fernández-Pachón MS, Moyá ML, Troncoso AM and García-Parrilla M.C. (2007) Radical Scavenging Ability of Polyphenolic Compounds Towards DPPH Free Radical. Talanta71: 230-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2006.03.050.

      [40] Wall ME, Krider MM, Krewson CF, Eddy CR, Willaman JJ, Corell D.S. and Gentry H.S. (1954) Steroidal Sapogenins VII: Survey of Plants for Steroidal Sapogenins and other Constituents. Journal of American Pharmacists Association. 63: 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.3030430102.

      [41] Wolfe K. and Liv RH. (2003) Antioxidant Activity of Apple Peels. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 51: 609- 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf020782a.

      [42] Wong SP, Leong LP and Jen HWK. (2006) Antioxidant Activities of Aqueous Extracts of Selected Plants. Food Chemistry. 99(4): 775-783.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.07.058.

      [43] Ye J, Chen S. and Maniatis T. (2011) Cardiac Glycosides are Potent Inhibitors of Interferon-β gene Expression. Nature Chemical Biology. 7: 25-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.476.

      [44] Yen GC and Chen HY. (1995) Antioxidant Activity of Various Tea Extracts in Relation to their Antimutagenicity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 43: 27-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00049a007.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Ewere, E., Uka, E., & Usunobun, U. (2016). Phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant activity and acute toxicity of Irvingia gabonensis (O’Rorke) baill ethanolic leaf extract. International Journal of Biological Research, 4(1), 36-41. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijbr.v4i1.5939