The protective action of ethanolic stem bark extract of Carissa edulis (VAHL) Apocynaceae against carbon tetrachloride Hepatotoxicity in rats

  • Authors

    • Y. Y. Izam Faculty of Pharmaceutical sciences, University of Jos Plateau State Nigeria
    • B. B. Bukar
    2021-02-19
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijpt.v9i1.31290
  • Carissa edulis, Hepatoprotective Activity, Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract, Hepatic Damage, CCl4.
  • Background: Carissa edulis is generally used for the treatment of diverse ailments, but little or no interest has been shown on its hepatoprotective properties. This research work was aimed at evaluating the safety and claimed hepatoprotective activity of Carissa edulis.

    Method: For the intent of data collection, the method of Li et al., 2011 was used. In this method animals were treated with (250,500 and 1000mg/kg) of stem bark extract. The extract was given daily by gavage to the animals for 28 consecutive days. The 50% v/vCCl4 and olive oil was gavaged through gastric tube twice a week. The tests conducted were liver function test, liver antioxidant enzymes test, lipid profile test as well as Histopathological assessment of the liver sections.

    Results: Results of the study revealed that the markers in the animal treated with CCl4 were significantly higher than the normal control at (P<0.05). While blood samples from animals treated with the stem bark extracts were significantly lower than the CCl4 group at (P<0.05).

    Conclusion: These results imply that the ethanolic stem bark extract of Carissa edulis have a protective effect against CCl4 induced hepato - cellular injury.

     

     


     
  • References

    1. [1] Adil M, Allahveidiyev N & Olga NO (2003). Fighting Multidrug Resistance with Herbal Extracts, Essential Oils and their components Science Direct.

      [2] Ahmad J & Odin J (2017). Epidemiology and Genetic risk factors of Drugs Hepatotoxicity. Clinical Liver Diseases 2(1), 55-72.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2016.08.004.

      [3] Althnaian TI, Albokhadaim EI & Bahr SM (2013). Biochemical and Histopathological Study in Rats Intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride and Treated with Camel milk. Springer Plus, 2, 57-64.https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-57.

      [4] Alyoussef H & Hassan W (2010).Phytochemical and Biological Studies of the aerial parts of Carissa edulis growing in Saudi Arabia Bioscience. Biotechnology Research Asia, 7(2), 625-646.

      [5] Arici OF & Cetin N (2011). Protective role of gurclin against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced coagulation disturbances in rats. Regulatory Peptides, 16(6), 139-142.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regpep.2010.10.009.

      [6] Banker GJ & Vernma SK (1987). Preliminary studies of flowering and fruiting in Carissa edulis, Journal of Natural Product, 4(7), 10-57.

      [7] Bjornsson ES (2015). Drug induced Liver Injury an overview over the most critical compound. Archive of Toxicology, 8(9), 327-334.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-015-1456-2.

      [8] Bjornsson ES, Bergman OM, Bjornsson HK, Kvaran RB & Olafsson S (2013). Incidence Presentation and Outcomes in patients with Drugs Induced Liver Injury in General Population in Iceland, Gastroenterology, 14(4), 1419-1425.https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.006.

      [9] Burkil HM (1985). The useful plants of West Africa, Second edition, Vol/families. A-D. Royal Botanical Gardens. London: Kew

      [10] Buyakasik Y,Goker H, Buyakasik NS, Sayinalp N, Hasnedaroglu IC &Ozcebe OI (2008).Effect of platelet count on secretion capacity formulization and use of formulae for evaluation of platelets secretion in thrombocytopenic patients. Blood Coagulation Fibrinolysis, 1(9), 633-637.https://doi.org/10.1097/MBC.0b013e32830bfdac.

      [11] Camp L, Benilde B, Anna RG, Robert JA, Jones LM,Claudia O & Senthilkumar S (2004). (Eds). Reports of the thematic strategy for soil protection Volume introduction and executive summary. EUR 2B1 EN/1.

      [12] Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (2013). What is LD50 and LC50? Retrieved October 8, 2015, from Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and safety websites http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswer/chemicals/id50.html.

      [13] Chalassani N, Fontana RJ & Bonkovsky HL (2008). Causes Clinical Features and Outcomes from a Prospective Study of Drug Induced Liver Injury in the United States Gastroenterology 135: 1924- 1934.https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2008.09.011.

      [14] Ciszewski TS, Ralston S, Acheson D, Wasi S & Strong SJ (1993). Protein level and plasma-phoresis. Intensity Transfusion Medicine 3, 59-65.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3148.1993.tb00105.x.

      [15] Daspupta A, Ramsey KL, Smith JS & Auble DT (2004). Sir antagonist 1 (San1) is a unbiquintinligase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278(26), 26830-26838.https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M400894200.

      [16] Deng J, Ding C, Zhang L, Yang R & Zhou Y (2009). Authentication of three related herbal species (Curcuma) by DNA bar-coding. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 5(28), 6401-6406.

      [17] Donatus IA, Sardjoko TA & Verneuten NP (1990). Cytotoxic and Cytoprotective activities of Curcumin. Effects on Paracetamol induced cytotoxicity, lipid peroxidation and glutathione depletion in rat’s hepatocytes. Biochemical Pharmacology. 3(9), 1869-1875.https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(90)90603-I.

      [18] Emerole GO & Thabrew M (1983). Changes in some rat hepatic microsomal components induced by prolonged administration of Chloroquine. Biochemical Pharmacology,32(20), 3005-3009.https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(83)90241-1.

      [19] Fahim FA, Estmat AY, Fadel HM & Hassan KF (1999).Allied studies on the effect of Rosmarinus officinalis (LINN) on experimental hepatotoxicity and mutagenesis. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 50, 413-427.https://doi.org/10.1080/096374899100987.

      [20] Frenzel C & Teschke R (2016). Herbal Hepatotoxicity Clinical Characteristics and Listing Compilation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 1(7), 50-88.

      [21] Friedman KL, Heit JJ, Long DM & Chechm TR (2003).1-13 N-terminal domain of yeast telomerase reverse transcriptase: recruitment of Ests3p to telomerase complex. Molecular Biology of the Cell,14(1), 1-13.https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e02-06-0327.

      [22] Hale JM (1983). The action of hydrogen sulfide on paleographic oxygen sensors. Aquatic and physiological applications. Gnaiger, E., Forstner, H. (Eds), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: 73-75.

      [23] Hanan AY & Hassan WH (2010). Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Aerial Parts of Carissa edulis growing in Saudi Arabia Biosciences Biotechnology Res. Asia: 635-646.

      [24] Hicks LE, Langham RA & Takenaka J (1969). Formation of membrane bound polyribosomes. American Journal of Public Health.2(1), 202 – 777.

      [25] Hutchinson J & Dalziel JM (1963). Flora of West Africa. Vol. II Crown agents for oversea government and administration, London: Mill-Banks.

      [26] Ibrahim H (1997). Pharmacognostic & biological analgesic activity studies of Carissa edulis Vahl Ph.D. Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria. 157-160, 235-245, 306-307.

      [27] Irvine FR (1961).Woody plants of Ghana, London: Oxford Press 616-618.

      [28] Ishida Y, Kondo T, Ohshimat FF, Wara HI, Wakura Y & Mukaida NA (2002).Pivotal involvement of IFN gamma, in the pathogenesis of acetaminophen induced liver injury, Federation of America Societies for Biology Journal, 1(6), 1227-1236.https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.02-0046com.

      [29] Kebeinei JS, Ndalut & PK Sabah A (2011). Antiplasmodial activity of Nortrachetogenin from the root bark of Carissa edulis (Vahl). International Journal of Applied Research in Nigeria. 2(1), 145-148.

      [30] Khan AA & Alzohairy M (2011). Hepatoprotective Effect of Camel Milk against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in Rats. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, 6(2), 171-180.https://doi.org/10.3923/ajb.2011.171.180.

      [31] Lee Y (2003). The technology acceptance model: Past, Present and Future. Communications of the Association for Information Systems Volume 12. University of Colorado at Boulder, Younghwa. Lee@colorado.edu. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.01250.

      [32] Li R, Guo N, Nfu Z, Ding G,Zou Y & Wang Z (2011).Hepatoprotective actions of radix paenial rubre, aqueous extract against CCl4 induced hepatic damage. Molecules, 1(6), 8684-8693.https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16108684.

      [33] Mahheswari MU & Rao PGM (2005). Antihepatoprotective effects of grape seed in Rats. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 37(3), 179.https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.16216.

      [34] Marie S (2015). Toxic Not Healthy: Surprising Liver Dangers of Herbal Products. Everyday Health Digestive Health Hepatitis C https:// www.everyday healthcom.

      [35] Masubuchi, Y, Bourdi M, Reilly TP, Graf ML, George JW &Pohll LR (2003). Roles of interleu-kin-6 in hepatic heat shock protein expression and protection against acetaminophen induced liver disease. Biochemical and Biophysical research Communications, 304, 207-212.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00572-2.

      [36] McNally T & Peter C (2006). New York State Law Reporting Bureau, Appellate Division Second Department, NY Slip OP 04811 (30 AD3d 482).

      [37] Mehmetcik G, Ozdemirier G, Kocak-Toker N, Cevikbas U & Uysal M (2008). Effect of pretreatment with artichoke extract on carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury and oxidative stress. Experimental Toxicology Pathology, 60(6), 475-480.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2008.04.014.

      [38] Miyagawa C, Wu C & Kennedy DO (1997). Protective effects of green tea extract and tea polyphenol against cytotoxicity of 1.4 – naphthoquinone in isolated rate hepatocytes. 12(7), 61-190.https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.61.1901.

      [39] Oliver B (1960). Medicinal plants in Nigeria published as a private edition by the Nigerian College of Arts Sciences and Technology 1960 page 52.

      [40] Omino FA & Kokwaro JO (1993). Ethno botany of Apocynaceae species in Kenya. Journal of Ethno Pharmacology 4(1), 167-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(93)90065-D.

      [41] Ostapowicz G, Fontana RJ, Schiodt FV, Larso A, Davern TJ, Han SH & Lee WM (2002). Acute liver failure study group results of prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States. Annals of Internal Medicine, 137(9), 947-954.https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-137-12-200212170-00007.

      [42] Pantano F, Mannochi G, Marinelli E, Gentili S, Graziano S, Busardo FP & Dilucas NM (2017).Hepatotoxicity Induced by greater Celandine (Chelidonium Majus. L.); A review of the Literature European Reviewed Journal of Medical and Pharmacological Sciences2(1), 2146-2152.

      [43] Pantano F, Tittarell R, Manocchi G, Zaami S, Ricci S, Giogetti R, Terranova D, Bustardo FP & Marinelli E (2016). Hepatotoxicity Induced by the 3Ks Kava, Kratom and Khat. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 1(7), 50-88.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17040580.

      [44] Pingale S, Raghunath DP & Gdna S (2008). Standardization of herbal drugs as potent liver tonic apartment pharmacology online. Maharashtra India, 1, 13-19.

      [45] Recknagal RO (1967). Carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. Pharmacology Review, 1(9), 145-208.

      [46] Redman D (1969).Reduction and Re oxidation of Purothionins. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 20, 9.https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740200908.

      [47] Schwetner HA, Jackson WG & Tolan G (1994). Association of low serum concentration of bilirubin with increased risk of coronary artery disease. Clinical Chemistry, 40(1), 18-22.https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/40.1.18.

      [48] Saro C, Clinard F, Quarzir K, Chanay H, Allard C, Guillemin C, Lenoir C, Lemonier A & Hilton P (2000). Incidence of drug induced hepatic injuries a French population-based study. Hepatology 3(6), 451-455.https://doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2002.34857.

      [49] Shankar MB, Parikh JR, Geetha M, Mehta RS, & Saluja AK (2005).Hepatoprotective activity of benzopyrone from Tephrosia purpuneapers. Journal of Natural Remedies, 5(2), 115-120.

      [50] Sofowara A (1986). The state of medicinal plant research in Nigeria 1st edition. University Press Ltd Ife Nigeria pp. 145-148.

      [51] Soni KB, Lahiri M & Chackrodeo P (1992). Protective effect of food additives on aflatoxin induced mutagenicity and hepato-carcinogenicity, Cancer Letters, 115-121.

      [52] Tin TS, Woodward A, Thorney S & Ameratunga S (2011). Regional variation in pedal cyclist injuries in New Zealand: Safety in numbers of risk of coronary artery disease Clinical Chemistry, 40(1), 18-23.

      [53] Trease GC & Evans WC (1989). Pharmacognosy13th edition. ELBS/ Bailliere Tindall, London. Pages 345-346, 535-536, 772-773.

      [54] Wang GS & Han ZW (1993). The protective action of Glycyrrhizin flavonoids against carbon-tetrachloride hepatotoxicity in mice. Yoa Hsueh Hsueh Pao, 2(8), 572-576.

      [55] Wood E, Ansahi C, Ainooson GK & Abotsi WM (2007). Anti-inflammatory and antioxidants properties of the root extract of Carissa edulis (Forsk). Vahl (Apocynaceae). Journal of Science and Technology, 2(7), 3-4.https://doi.org/10.4314/just.v27i3.33054.

      [56] Yamashita RA, Sellers JR & Adeson JB (2000). Identification and analysis of the myosin super family in Drosophila: A database approach. Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility, 21(6), 491-505.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026589626422.

      [57] Zephaniah U (2011). Tanzania halts miracle cure after 52 died. Daily Nation, Sunday March, 2011:23.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Y. Izam, Y., & B. Bukar, B. (2021). The protective action of ethanolic stem bark extract of Carissa edulis (VAHL) Apocynaceae against carbon tetrachloride Hepatotoxicity in rats. International Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 9(1), 41-49. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijpt.v9i1.31290