The Effect of chlorine on giardia cyst destruction isolated from different water sources in Maysan province

  • Authors

    • Rasha Al-Saad Lecturer, M Sc Parasitology, College of Pharmacy & College of Medicine, Maysan University, Maysan, Iraq
    2016-02-26
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijsw.v4i1.5782
  • Giardia, Waterborne, Chlorination, Filtration, Chloro-Meter, Reverse Osmosis.

  • G. lamblia was a binucleate flagellated protozoan parasite that infected the upper intestinal tract of human and many animal species. Giardiasis was the most frequently diagnosed water borne disease and the major public health concern of water utilities in the developed and developing nations. Water is an important vehicle for the transmission of Giardia to human and mammals. For identified the effect of chlorine on Giardia cyst. To detect viability of cyst in different chlorine concentration. To determine the threshold level of chlorine concentration that caused cyst destruction. Measure the pH, chlorine concentration, filtration processes and examined by zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation technique using. 50% of samples contain Giardia cysts which are untreated water sources. Cyst viability differs in different chlorine concentration in different period of time extend from few hours to more than twenty days. The extreme chlorine concentration which caused cyst destruction in hours is 1.5 mg/L.

    Author Biography

    • Rasha Al-Saad, Lecturer, M Sc Parasitology, College of Pharmacy & College of Medicine, Maysan University, Maysan, Iraq
      parasitology / microbiology

  • References

    1. [1] Monis PT, Caccio SM, Thompson RC. Variation in Giardia: towards a taxonomic revision of the genus. Trends in Parasitology. 2009; 25:93-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2008.11.006.

      [2] Caccio SM, Ryan U. Molecular epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 2008; 160:75-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.04.006.

      [3] Nash TE, Herrington DA, Losonsky GA, Levine MM. Experimental human infections with Giardia lamblia. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1987; 156:974-984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/156.6.974.

      [4] deRegnier DP, Cole L, Schupp DG, Erlandsen SL. Viability of Giardia cysts suspended in lake, river, and tap water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1989; 55: 1223-1229.

      [5] Hoque ME, Hope VT, Kjellstrom T, Scragg R and Lay-Yee R. Risk of giardiasis in Aucklanders a case-control studies. Inter. J of Infec Disea. 2002; 6: 191.

      [6] Okell RS and Wright JM. Giardia lamblia – An assessment from the Eastern Bay of Plenty: September 1986 – September 1989. NZ J Med Lab Technol. 1990; 44(3): 64-66.

      [7] Dykes AC, Juranek DD, Lorenz RA, Sinclair S, Jakubowski W, Davies R. Municipal waterborne giardiasis: An epidemiologic investigation. Ann Inter Med 1980; 92: 165-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-92-2-165.

      [8] Craun GF. Waterborne outbreaks of giardiasis, current status. In: Erlandsen SL and Meyer EA (Eds). Giardia and Giardiasis: Biology, Pathogenesis, and Epidemiology. New York, USA. Plenum Publishing Corp. 1984; p: 243-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0594-9_15.

      [9] Herwalt BL, Kramer HM, Craun GF, Calderon RL and Juranek DD. Waterborne diseases: 1993 and 1994. J Am Water Works Assoc. 1996; 88: 66-79.

      [10] United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; Surface Water Treatment Rule. 1989; 141.70-141.80.

      [11] Schaefer FW, Johnson CH, Hsu CH and Rice EW. Determination of Giardia lamblia cyst infective dose for the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Appl Environ Microbiol. 1991; 57: 2408-2409.

      [12] Casemore DP, Wright SE and Coop RL. In: Fayer R (Ed). Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 1997; p: 65-92.

      [13] Karanis P, Kourenti C and Smith H. Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt. Journal of Water and Health. 2007; 5: 1-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.002.

      [14] Kent GP, Greenspan JR, Herndon JL, Mofenson LM, Harris JS, Eng TR, and Waskin HA. Epidemic giardiasis caused by a contaminated public water supply. Am J Publ Health. 1988; 78(2):139-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.78.2.139.

      [15] Al-Saad RKA. Biological and molecular study of Giardia parasite as a zoonotic potential in human and animal at northern Basrah, Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis. Veterinary Medicine Collage, University of Basrah. 2014; P: 141.

      [16] Akin EW and Jakubowski W. Drinking water transmission of giardiasis in the United States. Water Sci Technol. 1986; 18:219–226.

      [17] Jarroll EL, Bingham AK and Meyer EA. Effect of chlorine on Giardia lamblia cyst viability. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1981; 41: 483-487.

      [18] Isaac-Renton J, Cordeiro C, Sarafis K and Shahriari H. Characterization of G. duodenalis isolates from a waterborne outbreak. J of Infec Disea. 1993; 62: 2789-2797.

      [19] Environmental Protection Agency US (EPA). Final Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. Office of Water (4606-M) EPA 815-R-06-002 December 2005. ww.epa.gov/safe water.

      [20] Chatterjee KD. Parasitology, protozoology and helminthology, 13th Ed. New Delhi, India. Thomson Press (India) Ltd. 2009; p: 263.

      [21] Markell EK, Jone DT and Krotoski WA. Markell and Voges Medical Parasitology. 8th ed. W.B. Saunders co. Philadelphia. 1999; p: 55-445.

      [22] Al-Emarah GYA, AL-Ali SJK and AL-Idresi SRA. Atlas of Parasites. 1st ed. Al-Salam printing, Basrah, Iraq. 2009; Part1, p: 7-10.

      [23] Gillespie SH and Pearson RD. Principles and Practice of Clinical Parasitology. 1st ed. John W. and Sons Ltd., England. 2001; p: 219-241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470842504.

      [24] Marshall MM, Naumovitz D, Ortega Y and Sterling CR. Waterborne protozoan pathogens. Clin Microbiol. 1997; 0: 69-76.

      [25] LeChevallier M, Norton W and Lee R. Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. In surface water supplies. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1991; 57: 2610-2616.

      [26] LeChevallier MW and Norton WD. Impact of the enhanced surface water treatment rule on water utility operations. In: Proceedings of the 1993 American Water Works Association Water Technology Quality Conference, Miami, Fla. American Water Works Association, Seattle. 1993; p: 1733-1737.

      [27] Istre GR, Dunlop TS, Gaspard GB, and Hopkins RS. Waterborne giardiasis at a mountain resort: evidence for acquired immunity. Am J Public Health. 1984; 74:602–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.74.6.602.

      [28] Isaac-Renton J, Lewis L, Ong CSL and Nulsen MF. A second community outbreak of waterborne giardiasis in Canada and serological investigation of patients. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1994; 88:33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(94)90397-2.

      [29] Olson ME and Buret AG. Giardia and Giardiasis. In: Samuel WM, Pybus MJ and Kocan AA (Eds.). Parasitic Diseases of Wild Animals.1st ed. Iowa State University Press. USA. 2001; Pp: 399-416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470377000.ch16b.

      [30] Olson ME, Goh J, Phillips M, Guselle N and McAllister TA. Giardia cyst and Cryptosporidium oocyst survival in water, soil and cattle feces. J Environ Quality. 2000; 28: 1991-1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800060040x.

      [31] Ivanov AI. Giardia and giardiasis. Bulg J Vet Med. 2010; 13(2): 65−80.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Al-Saad, R. (2016). The Effect of chlorine on giardia cyst destruction isolated from different water sources in Maysan province. International Journal of Scientific World, 4(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijsw.v4i1.5782