Epidemiology of oxacillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus from cell phones of health-care workers in Ekiti State

  • Authors

    • Olusola Oluwole ekiti state university, ado-ekiti, nigeria
    • Oluwole David ekiti state university, ado-ekiti, nigeria
    • Ayomide Owolabi ekiti state university, ado-ekiti, nigeria
    2016-03-23
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijsw.v4i1.5903
  • Health Care Workers, Mobile Phones, Oxacillin, S. Aureus.

  • Abstract

    The use of mobile phones in the clinical environment by health-care workers has become widespread. A swab of mobile phones of health-care personnel of several hospitals in Ekiti State were examined to evaluate the prevalence of Oxacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA), the resistance of ORSA to other commonly used antibiotics as well as the multiple resistant patterns of the recovered isolates. A total of 106 samples were screened yielding 100 S. aureus isolates. The antibiotics sensitivity profile to nine commonly used antibiotics revealed high levels of resistance amongst the isolates ranging from 47% resistance to Chloramphenicol to 100% resistance exhibited to cloxacillin with 55% of the isolates showed resistance to oxacillin while all isolates exhibited multiple resistance. Also, all 55 ORSA exhibited 100% resistance to erythromycin and cloxacillin but interestingly were very sensitive (99.9%) to gentamycin. The high recovery rate of bacteria from mobile phones revealed that cell phones may have notable roles in the transmission of multidrug resistant nosocomial pathogens, increasing the risk of cross-contamination posed to immunosuppressed patients by the heath care workers attending to them.

  • References

    1. [1] Haydon, D.T., Cleaveland, S., Taylor, L.H. Laurenson, M.K. (2002). Identifying reservoirs of infection: A conceptual and practical challenge. Emer. Infect. Dis. 8(12):1468-1473.

      [2] Famurewa, O. and David, O.M. (2009). Cell Phone: A Medium of Transmission of Bacterial Pathogens. World Rural Observations 1(2): 69-72.

      [3] Hardy, K.J., Oppenheim, B.A., Gossain, S., Gao, F. and Hawkey P.M. (2006). A study of the relationship between environmental contamination with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and patients’ acquisition of MRSA. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 27:127–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/500622.

      [4] Marshal, B.M., Ochieng, D.J., Levy, S.B, (2009). Commensals, unappreciated reservoir of antibiotic resistance. Microbe. 4:231 –238.

      [5] Brady, R.R. Hunt, A.C. Visvanathan, A., Rodrigues, M.A., Graham, C., Rae, C., Kalima, P., Paterson, H.M. and Gibb, A.P. (2011). Mobile phone technology and hospitalized patients, a cross-sectional surveillance study of bacterial colonization, and patient opinions and behaviors. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 17: 830–835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03493.x.

      [6] Sadat-Ali, M., Al-Omran, A.K, Azam, Q., Bukari, H., Al-Zahrani, A.J., Al-Turki, R.A., Al-Omran, A.S. (2010). Bacterial flora on cell phones of health care providers in a teaching institution. Am. J. Infect. Control 38:404–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2009.08.007.

      [7] Jeske, H.C., Tiefenthaler, W., Hohlrieder, M., Hinterberger, G., Benzer, A. (2007). Bacterial contamination of anaesthetist’s hands by personal mobile phone and fixed phone use in the operating theatre. Anaesthesia. 62:904–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05172.x.

      [8] Meltzer, B. (2003). Nosocomial Infections, Doc’s cell phones may spread hospital infection, Outpatient Surg. Mag. 11: 1-4.

      [9] Bhattacharya, K (2005). Mobile phone and the Surgeon is there a controversy? Ind. J. Surg, 67: 53-54.

      [10] Borer, A., Gilad, J., Smolyakov, R. (2005). Cell phones and Acinetobacter transmission (Online). Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11(7). Available from URL http; www.cdc.gov/eid. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1107.050221.

      [11] Brady R.R., Wasson, A., Stirling I., McAllister C., Damani N.N. (2006). Is your phone bugged? The incidence of bacteria known to cause nosocomial infection on health care workers mobile phones. J. Hosp. Infect. 62: 123-125, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2005.05.005.

      [12] Dubik, M. (2006). Use of cell phones in the hospital, AAP Grand Rounds, 15:62-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/gr.15-5-62.

      [13] Khivsara, A., Sushma, T. V. Dhanashree, B. (2006). Typing of Staphylococcus aureus from mobile phones and clinical samples, Curr. Sci. 90 (7), 910-912.

      [14] Derbyshire, S.W.G. and A. Burgess (2006). Use of mobile phones in hospitals, BMJ. 333(7572): 767-768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38995.599769.80.

      [15] Tambhekar D.H., Gulhane P.G., Dahikar, S.G., Dudhane, M.N. (2008). Nosocomial Hazards of Doctor’s Mobile Phones in Hospitals, J. Med. Sci. 8(1): 73-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jms.2008.73.76.

      [16] Tambe, N.N. and Pai, C. (2012). A Study of Microbial Flora and MRSA Harboured by Mobile Phones of Health Care Personnel. International Journal of Recent Trends in Science and Technology, 4(1): 14-18.

      [17] Breves, A., Miranda, C.A.C., Flores, C., de Filippis, I. and Clementino, M.M. (2015). Methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in health care workers and medical devices. J. Bras. Patol. Med. Lab. 51(3), 143-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1676-2444.20150025.

      [18] Cavalcanti, S.M.M., França, E.R., Vilela, M.A., Montenegro, F., Cabral, C., Medeiros, A.C.R. (2006). Estudo comparativo da prevalência de Staphylococcus aureus importado para as unidades de terapia intensiva de Hospital Universitário, Pernambuco, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Epidemiol. 9: 436-446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-790X2006000400004.

      [19] Jevons, M.P. (1961). "Celebenin" - resistant Staphylococci. British Medical Journal, 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5219.124-a.

      [20] Kock, R., Becker, K., Cookson, B., van Gemert-Pijnen, J.E., Harbarth, S., Kluytmans, J., Mielke, M., Peters, G., Skov, R.L., Struelens, M.J., Tacconelli, E., Navarro Torne, A., Witte, W., Friedrich, A.W. (2010). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), burden of disease and control challenges in Europe. Euro surveillance, bulletin europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin 15(41), 19688.

      [21] Grundmann, H., Aires-de-Sousa, M., Boyce, J., Tiemersma, E. (2006). Emergence and resurgence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a public-health threat. Lancet 368(9538): 874-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68853-3.

      [22] Hsueh, P.R., Teng, L.J., Chen, W.H., Pan, H.J., Chen, M.L., Chang, S.C., Luh, K.T., Lin, F.Y. (2004). Increasing prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus causing nosocomial infections at a university hospital in Taiwan from 1986 to 2001. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 48(4): 1361-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.48.4.1361-1364.2004.

      [23] Mulligan, M.E., Standiford, H.C., Kauffman, C.A. (1992). ‘Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a consensus review of the microbiology, pathogenesis, and epidemiology with implications for prevention and management’ Am. J. Med. 94:313-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(93)90063-U.

      [24] Lee, J.H., (2003). Methicillin (Oxacillin)-Resistant S. aureus Strains Isolated from Major Food Animals and Their Potential Transmission to Humans. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69(11), 6489–6494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.11.6489-6494.2003.

      [25] Murray, P. R., Baron, E. J., Jorgensen, J. H., Pfaller, M. A., Yolken, R. H. (2003). Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th edn. American Society for Microbiology; Washington, DC, USA.

      [26] Verhoef J, Blok H, Baars A, et al. (1999). A Dutch Approach to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 18:461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100960050324.

      [27] Diekema, D.J., Pfaller, M.A., et al. (2000). Genetic relatedness of multidrug- resistant, methicillin (oxacillin)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream isolates form SENTRY Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Centers worldwide, 1998. Microb. Drug Resist. 6: 213-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2000.6.213.

      [28] Gorwitz, J., Jernigan, D.B., Powers, J. H. et al. (2006). Strategies for Clinical Management of MRSA in the Community, Summary of Experts’ Meeting Convened by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. USA.

      [29] Fawole, M. O. and Oso, B. A. (2001). Laboratory Manual of Microbiology. Spectrum Books Limited, Ibadan, 127pp.

      [30] Holt, J.G., Krieg, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A., Staley, J.T., Williams, S.T. (1994). Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. 9th edition. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1: 141-199.

      [31] Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2012) Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Wayne, PA. USA, 4(1).

      [32] Pal, S., Juyal, D., Adekhandi, S, Sharma, M., Prakash, R., Sharma, N., Rana, A., Parihar, A. (2015). Mobile phones, Reservoirs for the transmission of nosocomial pathogens. Adv Biomed Res. 4,144 http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2277-9175.161553.

      [33] Akinyemi, K.O., Atapu, A.D., Adetona, O.O., Coker, A.O. (2009). The potential role of mobile phones in the spread of bacterial infections. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries. 3(8): 628-632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.556.

      [34] Selim, H.S. and Abaza, A.F. (2015). Microbial contamination of mobile phones in a health care setting in Alexandria, Egypt. GMS. Hyg. Infect. Control. 10.

      [35] Bhat, S.S., Sundeep H.K., Shailaja S. (2011). Potential of Mobile Phones to Serve as a Reservoir in Spread of Nosocomial Pathogens. Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences. 10(2): 1-3.

      [36] Angadi, K.M. Misra, R., Gupta, U., Jadhav, S., Sardar, M. (2014). Study of the role of mobile phones in the transmission of Hospital acquired infections. Accessible at www.mjdrdypu.org 7(4): 435-438. DOI, 10.4103/0975-2870.135256.

      [37] Olowe, O.A., Okanlawon, B.M., Olowe, R.A., Olayemi, A.B. (2008). Antimicrobial resistant pattern of Escherichia coli from human clinical samples in Osogbo, south western Nigeria. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res., 2: 008-011.

      [38] Taiwo, S. S., Bamidele, M., Omonigbehin, E. A., Akinsinde, K. A., Smith, S. I., Onile, B. A., Olowe, A. O. (2005), Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant S. aureus in Ilorin, Nigeria. West Afr. J. Med. 24:100-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wajm.v24i2.28176.

      [39] Fadeyi, A., Bolagi, B.O., Oyedepo, O.O., Adesiyun, O.O., Adeboye, M.A.N., Olarewaju, T.O., Aderigbe, A., Salami, A.K., Desalu, O.O., Fowotade, A., Nwabuisi, C., Akanbi II, A.A., Raheem, R.A., Olare, A. (2010), “Methicillin–resistance Staphylococcus aureus carriage amongst health-care workers of the critical care units in a Nigerian hospitalâ€. Am. J Infect Dis. 6(1): 18-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajidsp.2010.18.23.

      [40] Sedighi, I., Alikhani M.Y., Ramezani S., Nazari, M. and Nejad, A.S.M. (2015). Bacterial Contamination of Mobile Phones of Health Care Providers in a Teaching Hospital in Hamadan Province, Iran. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 10(2), e22104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/archcid.10(2)2015.22104.

      [41] Fadheel, Z.H., H.E. Perry and R.A. Henderson, (2008). Comparison of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage rate in the general population with the health-worker population (Clinical report). N. Zealand J. Med. Lab. Sci., 62, 4-6. http,//www.nzimls.org.nz/121.html?articles_id=112

      [42] Mathanraj, S., Sujatha, S. Sivasangeetha, K. and Parija, S.C. (2009). Screening for methicillin-resistant S. aureus carriers among patients and health care workers of a tertiary care hospital in Southern India. Indian J. Med. Microbiol., 27, 62-64.

      [43] Taiwo, S.S., Onile, B.A., Akanbi, A.A. (2004). “Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates in Ilorin, Nigeria,†African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 5(2):189-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v5i2.7376.

      [44] Adesida, S., Boelens, H. Babajide, B. Kehinde, A., Snijders S. (2005). Major epidemic clones of Staphylococcus aureus in Nigeria. Microb. Drug Resist. 11: 115-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2005.11.115.

      [45] Azeez-Akande, O., Utsalo, S.J. and Epoke, J. (2008). Distribution and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in a university Teaching hospital in Nigeria. Sahel Med. J. 11, 142-147.

      [46] Daka, D. (2014). Antibiotic- resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from mobile phones and hands of health-care workers in the Hawassa referral hospital, South Ethiopia. Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 6(4), 72-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/JMA2014.0303.

      [47] Jayalakshmi, J., Appalaraju, B. and Usha S. (2008). Cell phones as-reservoir of nosocomial pathogens. JAPI. 56, 388- 389.

      [48] Rychlik, I. Gregorova, D. and Hradecka, H. (2006). Distribution and function of plasmids in Salmonella enterica. Veterinary Microbiology 112, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.10.030.

      [49] Sherley, M., Gardon, D.M. and Collingnon, P.J. (2004). Evolution of multi-resistance plasmids in Australia clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. Microbiology. 150, 1539-1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26773-0.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Oluwole, O., David, O., & Owolabi, A. (2016). Epidemiology of oxacillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus from cell phones of health-care workers in Ekiti State. International Journal of Scientific World, 4(1), 15-18. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijsw.v4i1.5903

    Received date: 2016-02-18

    Accepted date: 2016-03-13

    Published date: 2016-03-23