Clean air: an outlook for achieving sustainable development goals: the state of the indoor environment in Michika area of Adamawa state, Nigeria

  • Authors

    • Sylvester D. Philemon
    • Lucky Esemuze Independent Researcher
    2022-11-30
    https://doi.org/10.14419/jes.v4i1.32169

  • Abstract

    This study assessed the health implications of air quality decline in residential, workplace, and school indoor environments and its implications on the health of the inhabitants of the Michika Area of Adamawa State. Pollutants such as PM, CO, NO2, and SO2 were evaluated in the morning and evening hours within 10 days using an in situ gas sampler. The data were compared to WHO and NESREA limits for human exposure. Anova and student t-test statistics were adopted to hypothesize the mean differences in the diurnal and spatial conditions of indoor air pollutants. The air quality index was estimated using the US EPA equation to determine the level of indoor air quality in relation to health implications. The study found, among other things, that ambient pollutant concentrations were statistically different in the respective indoor environments for CO (P value = 0.000), SO2 (P values of 0.02 and 0.000), NO2 (P value = 0.000), and PM2.5 (P = 0.001 and 0.0001). The residential indoor environment was reportedly dangerous for sensible groups due to the poor AQI rating for SO2, NO2 and PM10. In conclusion, air pollution is evident in the Michika area of Adamawa State, and the rate of exposure is particularly higher in the residential indoor space.

  • References

    1. Abulude FO, Fagbayide SD, Akinnusotu A, Makinde OE, and Elisha J. (2011). Assessment of the Indoor Air Quality of Akure, Nigeria. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201811.0586.v1.
    2. Afolabi OT, Awopeju OF, Aluko OO, Deji, SA, Olaniyan BB, Agbakwuru, LC, Oyedele OO, Oni1 KK, and Ojo, BO. (2016). Awareness of indoor air pollution and prevalence of respiratory symptoms in an urban community in South West Nigeria. Niger J Health Sci., 16:33-8. https://doi.org/10.4103/1596-4078.190036.
    3. Agbo KE, Walgraeve C, Eze JI, Ugwoke PE, Ukoha PO, and Van Langenhove H. (2021). Household indoor concentration levels of NO2, SO2, and O3 in Nsukka, Nigeria. Atmospheric Environment, 244, 117978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117978.
    4. Agwu A, and Ozeh RN. (2013). Evolution of Ambient Air. Quality of Aba Metropolis, Nigeria. International Journal of Current Research, 5 (4), 843-844. http://www.journalcra.com.
    5. Amadi DCA, Kwada DJ, Zaku SS, and Idiege DA. (2018). Causes and Effects of Deforestation on the Socio-Economic Livelihood of Michika People, Adamawa State, Nigeria. The Environmental Studies, 1(2), 1-10. https://www.researchersjournal.org/causes-and-effects-of-deforestation-on-the-socio-economic-livelihood-of-michika-people-adamawa-state-nigeria/.
    6. Ana GR, Fakunle GA, and Ogunjobi AA. (2013). Indoor airborne microbial burden and risk of acute respiratory infections among children under five in Ibadan, Nigeria. Indoor and Built Environment, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X13499171.
    7. Ana GR, Morakinyo OM, and Fakunle GA. (2015). Indoor Air Quality and Risk Factors Associated with Respiratory Conditions in Nigeria. Current Air Quality Issues. Croatia: IntechOpen, 547-568 https://doi.org/10.5772/59864.
    8. Apte K, and Salvi S. (2016). Household air pollution and its effects on health. F1000Research, 5, 2593. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7552.1.
    9. Awopeju, OF, Nemery B, Afolabi OT, Poels K, Vanoirbeek J, Obaseki DO, Adewole OO., Lawin HA, Vollmer W. and Erhabor G.E. (2017). Biomass smoke exposure as an occupational risk: cross-sectional study of respiratory health of women working as street cooks in Nigeria. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 74(10), 737–744. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-104107.
    10. Ayodele JT. and Abubakar F. (2010). Sulphur dioxide as indoor pollutant in Kano municipality Kano-Nigeria, Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 2(1), 009-013. http://www.academicjournals.org/jece.
    11. Baoting H, Huang JV, Kwok MK, Au Yeung SL, Hui LL, Li AM, Leung, GM, and Schooling M. (2019). The association of early-life exposure to air pollution with lung function at ~17.5 years in the “Children of 1997” Hong Kong Chinese Birth Cohort. Environ. Int., 123, 444-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.073.
    12. Bowatte G, Lodge C, Lowe AJ, Erbas B, Perret J, Abramson MJ, Matheson M, and Dharmage SC. (2014). The influence of childhood traffic-related air pollution exposure on asthma, allergy and sensitization: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of birth cohort studies. Allergy, 70(3), 245-256. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12561.
    13. Brokamp C, Brandt EB, and Ryan PH. (2019). Assessing Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution for Epidemiological Studies: Model-based and Personal Sampling Strategies. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 143(6), 2002-2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2019.04.019.
    14. Chan IYS, and Liu AMM. (2018). Effects of neighborhood building density, height, greenspace, and cleanliness on indoor environment and health of building occupants. Building and Environment, 213-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.06.028.
    15. Cincinelli A, and Martellini T. (2017). Indoor Air Quality and Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(11), 1286. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111286.
    16. Crippa, M, Guizzardi D, Muntean M, Schaaf E, Dentener F, van Aardenne JA, Monni S, Doering U, Olivier JGJ, Pagliari V, and Janssens-Maenhout G. (2018). Gridded emissions of air pollutants for the period 1970–2012 within EDGAR v4.3.2. Earth System Science Data, 10, 1987–2013. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1987-2018.
    17. Deng Q, Lu C, Li Y, Sundell J, and Norbäck D. (2016). Exposure to outdoor air pollution during trimesters of pregnancy and childhood asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema. Environmental Resource, 150, 119-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.050.
    18. Kabir E, Kim KH, Sohn JR, Kweon, BY, and Shin JH. (2012). Indoor air quality assessment in child care and medical facilities in Korea. Environ Monit Assess 184, 6395–6409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2428-5.
    19. Emuren K, and Ordinioha B. (2017). Physico chemical assessment of indoor air quality of a tertiary hospital in South–South Nigeria. Port Harcourt Medical Journal, 11, 21-5. https://doi.org/10.4103/0795-3038.204717.
    20. Filippini T, Rothman KJ, Goffi A, Ferrari F, Maffeis G, Orsini N, and Vinceti M. (2020). Satellite-detected tropospheric nitrogen dioxide and spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Northern Italy. Science of the Total Environment, 739, 140278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140278.
    21. Hamanaka RB, and Mutlu GM. (2018). Particulate matter air pollution: Effects on the cardiovascular system. Frontier. Endocrinology, 16(9), 680. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00680.
    22. Harrison, CK. (2020). Spatial Variation of Air Quality in Mpape Area of Abuja,
    23. Nigeria. World Scientific News, 140, 79-112. http://www.worldscientificnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/WSN-140-2020-79-112.pdf.
    24. Health Effects Institute. (2019). State of Global Air 2019; Special Report; Health Effects Institute: Boston, MA, USA, 2019; ISSN 2578-6873.
    25. Hulin M, Simoni M, Viegi G, and Annesi-Maesano I, (2012). Respiratory health and indoor air pollutants based on quantitative exposure assessments. European Respiratory Journal, 40, 1033–1045. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00159011.
    26. Jafta N, Barregard L, Jeena PM, and Naidoo RN. (2017). Indoor air quality of low and middle income urban households in Durban, South Africa’, Environmental research, 156, 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.03.008.
    27. Jelili MO, Gbadegesin AS, and Alabi AT. (2020). Comparative Analysis of Indoor and Outdoor Particulate Matter Concentrations and Air Quality in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Journal of Health and Pollution, 10 (28), 201-205. https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-10.28.201205.
    28. Jimoh MT (2011). Petrochemical Studies of Pegmatites around Awo SW Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Issues and Agriculture in Developing Countries, 3(2), 19-32. Corpus ID: 204765745.
    29. Kim H, Kang K, Kim T. (2018). Measurement of particulate matter (pm2.5) and health risk assessment of cooking-generated particles in the kitchen and living rooms of apartment houses. Sustainability, 10(3) 843. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030843.
    30. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani, H.… Andrews, KG. (2012). A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet, 380(9859), 2224–2260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8.
    31. Lohani SP. (2011). Biomass as a Source of Household Energy and Indoor Air Pollution in Nepal. Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment, 2 (1), 74-78. https://www.ijee.net/article_64331_71a66586dddaf1000dbdc318f6835a2a.pdf.
    32. Lucky E, Hassan SM, and Ishaya S. (2020), Pattern of Particulate Matter Concentrations in the Industrial Cluster of Ajaokuta, Kogi State, Nigeria. Ife Research Publications in Geography, 20(1), 53-66. https://irpg.oauife.edu.ng/index.php/irpg.
    33. Lucky E, Hassan SM, and Ishaya S. (2021). Atmospheric Ventilation Modelling of Wind Characteristics on Particulate Matter Dispersion in Ajaokuta Industrial Corridor, Kogi State, Nigeria. World Scientific News, 160, 284-309. http://www.worldscientifi cnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/WSN-160-2021-284-309.pdf.
    34. Majdan M, Coman A, Gallová E, Duricová J, Kállayová D, Kvaková M, and Bosák L, (2012). Assessment of the indoor environment and implications for health in Roma villages in Slovakia and Romania. Central European journal of public health, 20(3), 199–207. https://doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a3719.
    35. Mannucci P, and Franchini M. (2017). Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution in Developing Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(9), 1048. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14091048.
    36. Martin WJ, Glass RI, Araj H, Balbus J, Collins FS, Curtis S, Diette GB, Elwood WN, Henry Falk H, Hibberd PL, Keown SEJ, Mehta S, Patrick E, Rosenbaum J, Sapkota A, Tolunay, H.E. and Bruce, N.G. (2013). Household Air Pollution in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Health Risks and Research Priorities. PLoS Medicine, 10(6), e1001455. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001455.
    37. Murray, C.J., Aravkin, A.Y., Zheng, P., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K.M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahi, M., Abdollahpour, I., et al. (2020). Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet, 2020, 396, 1223–1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2.
    38. Naglaa A, Megahed NA, and Ghoneim EM. (2021). Indoor Air Quality: Rethinking rules of building design strategies in post-pandemic architecture. Environmental Research, 193, 110471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110471.
    39. Njoku KL, Rumide TJ, Akinola, MO, Adesuyi AA, and Jolaoso AO. (2016). Ambient air quality monitoring in metropolitan city of Lagos, Nigeria. J Appl Sci Environ Manag, 20(1), 178– 85. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v20i1.21.
    40. Obiefuna GI, Sini PH, and Maunde A. (2018). Geochemical and Mineralogical Composition of Granitic Rock Deposits of Michika Area Northeastern Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 7(4), 160-170. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gabriel-Obiefuna/publication/326979864_Geochemical_and_Mineralogical_Composition_of_Granitic_Rock_Deposits_of_Michika_Area_NE_Nigeria/links/5b6f7c21299bf14c6d99fb28/Geochemical-and-Mineralogical-Composition-of-Granitic-Rock-Deposits-of-Michika-Area-NE-Nigeria.pdf.
    41. Oguntoke O, Opeolu BO, and Babatunde N. (2010). Indoor Air Pollution and Health Risks among Rural Dwellers in Odeda Area, South-Western Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 3(2), 39-46. Oguntoke, O., Opeolu, B. O., & Babatunde, N. (2010). Indoor Air Pollution and Health Risks among Rural Dwellers in Odeda Area, South-Western Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.4314/ejesm.v3i2.59833.
    42. Okafor E E, Hassan AR, and Hassan AD. (2008). Environmental issues and corporate social responsibility: The Nigeria experience. J. Hum. Ecol, 23(2), 101-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2008.11906060.
    43. Okobia LE, Hassan SM, and Adakayi P. (2017). Increase in outdoor carbon dioxideand its effects on the environment and human health in Kuje FCT Nigeria. HER, 60(4), 104–112.
    44. Onabowale MK and Owoade OK. (2015). Assessment of Residential Indoor - Outdoor Airborne Particulate Matter in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria. Donnish Journal of Physical Sciences, 1(1), 001-007. Corpus ID: 131198780.
    45. Opasola OA, Idiama BY, Oluwatuyi VS, Salami JT, and Dada AA. (2020). Effect of Indoor Air Pollution on Man’s Health in Ado Metropolis, Ekiti State, South-Western Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), 7(11),157 -164.
    46. Osimobi OJ, Yorkor B, and Nwankwo CA. (2019). Evaluation of daily pollutant standard index and air quality index in a university campus in Nigeria using PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter. Journal of Science, Technology and Environment Informatics, 07(02), 517-532. https://doi.org/10.18801/jstei.070219.54.
    47. Peter Y, Sheriff E, and Garba BA. (2016). Temporal change detection of vegetation cover in Mubi metropolis and environs, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Sky Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management, 5(3), 059 – 065. https://www.academia.edu/67990731/Temporal_change_detection_of_vegetation_cover_in_Mubi_metropolis_and_environs_Adamawa_State_Nigeria.
    48. Po JY, FitzGerald JM, and Carlsten C. (2011). Respiratory disease associated with solid biomass fuel exposure in rural women and children: systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax, 66, 232–239. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2010.147884.
    49. Rantetampang AL, Maidin A, Naiem MF, and Daud A. (2013). Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Indoor Honai Pollution in Wamena, Papua Province, Indonesia. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3(11), 1-6. https://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-1113/ijsrp-p2364.pdf
    50. Sacks JD, Fann N, Gumy S, Kim I, Ruggeri G, and Mudu P. (2020). Quantifying the Public Health Benefits of Reducing Air Pollution: Critically Assessing the Features and Capabilities of WHO’s AirQ+ and U.S. EPA’s Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program—Community Edition (BenMAP—CE). Atmosphere, 11(5), 516. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050516.
    51. Sahu V, and Gurjar BR. (2019). Spatio-temporal variations of indoor air quality in a university library. International Journal of Environmental Health Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2019.1668916.
    52. Salonen H, Salthammer T, and Morawska L. (2018). Human exposure to ozone in school and office indoor environments. Environ. Int., 119, 503–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.012.
    53. Sanbata H, Asfaw A, and Kumie A. (2014). Indoor air pollution in slum neighbourhoods of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Atmospheric Environment, 89, 230–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.003.
    54. Shezi, B., Jafta, N., Sartorius, B. and Naidoo, R.N. (2018). Developing a predictive model for fine particulate matter concentrations in low socio-economic households in Durban, South Africa. Indoor Air, 28: 228-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12432.
    55. Tran, V.V., Park, D. and Lee, Y.C (2020). Indoor Air Pollution, Related Human Diseases, and Recent Trends in the Control and Improvement of Indoor Air Quality. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, 2927-2954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082927.
    56. Wernecke B, Piketh SJ, and Burger RP. (2015). Indoor and outdoor particulate matter concentrations on the Mpumalanga Highveld. A case study. Clean Air Journal, 25:12-16. https://doi.org/10.17159/2410-972X/2015/v25n2a1.
    57. World Health Organization (WHO). (2018). First Global Conference on Air Pollution and Health: Improving air quality, combatting climate change – saving lives. WHO Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland.
    58. Yousef BAA, Elshareef AAD, Ibraheem MAK, and Alsayed SS. (2013). Assessment of Indoor Air Quality in Medical Facilities in Sudan. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 2(1), 92-95. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.300.987&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
    59. Yu KP, Yang KR, Chen YC, Gong JY, Chen YP, Shih HC, and Lung SCC. (2015). Indoor air pollution from gas cooking in five Taiwanese families. Build. Environ, 93, 258–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.06.024.
    60. Yun X, Shen G, Shen H, Meng W, Chen Y, Xu H, Ren Y, Zhong Q, Du W, Ma J, Cheng H, Wang X, Liu J, Wang X, Li B, Hu J, Wan Y, and Tao S. (2020). Residential solid fuel emissions contribute significantly to air pollution and associated health impacts in China. Science Advances, 6(44), eaba7621. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba7621.
    61. Liu Z, Peng R, Lv S, Wang A, Zhao L, Dong S, Yan D, Keller AA, and Huang, Y. (2022). Evidence of Indoor Dust Acting as Carrier for Metal-Based Nanoparticles: A Study of Exposure and Oxidative Risks. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 9 (5), 431-438. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00192.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    D. Philemon , S. ., & Esemuze, L. (2022). Clean air: an outlook for achieving sustainable development goals: the state of the indoor environment in Michika area of Adamawa state, Nigeria. SPC Journal of Environmental Sciences, 4(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.14419/jes.v4i1.32169

    Received date: 2022-09-03

    Accepted date: 2022-10-26

    Published date: 2022-11-30