Emotional Arousal Substrate in Relation to Eysenck Theory of Extraversion

  • Authors

    • Nasir Yusoff
    • Nik NurAzhani Anuar
    • Wan Nor Arifin
    • Tahamina Begum
    • Faruque Reza
    2018-08-08
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.22.17115
  • emotional arousal, event-related potentials, extraverts, P300 component, Eysenck Theory

  • Abstract

    Background: Eysenck theory posits that extraverts possess a trait of personality that is associated with personal enjoyment. Objectives: This study aims to examine the combination effect of extraversion and arousal intensity on the neural process of emotional arousal. Methods: This study was implemented in two parts – (1) Validation of Extraversion-Five Factor Non Verbal Personality Questionnaire (E-FF-NPQ) for personality screening, and (2) Event Related Potential (ERP)/electroencephalograph (EEG) recording session. In part one, the E-FF-NPQ was validated by 153 respondents, recruited from Universiti Sains Malaysia. In part two, after having their personality trait screened, electroencephalogram was recorded in 90 participants (N=30 for each personality) during the Event Related Potential session. Emotional arousal pictures that were taken randomly from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) were used as visual stimuli and divided into three categories (high, moderate, low) based on the normative mean values of IAPS. Results: Interaction effect of the extraversion trait and emotional arousal intensity was detected in the frontal region as indicated by the latency of N200. Conclusion: The Theory of Eysenck on the connection between extraversion and well-being is almost supported.

     

     

  • References

    1. [1] Eysenck HJ, The neuropsychology of individual differences, Personality: Biological Foundations, San Diego: Academic Press, 1994; 151-207.

      [2] Costa P.T., R.R. McCrae, Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality, Journal of Personality Disorder, 4 (1990) 362-371.

      [3] Eysenck H.J., Biological dimensions of personality, Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, New York: Guilford Press; 1994. 244-276.

      [4] Larsen R.J. and T. Ketelaar, Extraversion, neuroticism and susceptibility to positive and negative mood induction procedures, Personality and Individual Differences, 10 (1989) 1221-1228.

      [5] Larsen R.J. and T. Ketelaar, Personality and susceptibility to positive and negative emotional states, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1991) 132-140.

      [6] Rusting C.L. and R.J. Larsen, Extraversion, neuroticism and susceptibility to positive and negative affect: a test of two theoretical models, Personality and Individual Differences, 22(1997) 607-612.

      [7] Grant F., C. Guille, S. Sen, Well-being and the risk of depression under stress, PLoS ONE, 8(2013), e67395.

      [8] Costa P.T. and R.R. Jr, McCrae, Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: happy and unhappy people, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(1980) 668-678

      [9] Costa P.T., R.R. Jr, McCrae, A.H. Norris, Personal adjustment to aging: longitudinal prediction from neuroticism and extraversion, Journal of Gerontology, 36(1981) 78-85.

      [10] Canli T., Z. Zhao, J. E. Desmond, E. Kang, J. Gross, J.D, Gabrieli, An FMRI study of personality influences on brain reactivity to emotional stimuli, Behavioural Neurosciences, 115(2001) 33-42

      [11] [11] Brühl A. B. M. C. Viebke, T. Baumgartner, T. Kaffenberger, U. Herwig, Neural correlates of personality dimensions and affective measures during the anticipation of emotional stimuli. Brain Imaging and Behaviour, 5(2011) 86-96

      [12] Speed B.C., B. D. Nelson, G. Perlman, D. N. Klein, R. Kotov, G. Hajcak, Personality and emotional processing: a relationship between extraversion and the late positive potential in adolescence, Psychophysiology, 52(2015) 1039-1047

      [13] Gray J.A. The psychophysiological basis of introversion-extraversion, Behavioural Research and Therapy, 8(1970) 249-266.

      [14] Depue R.A. and P. F. Collins. Neurobiology of the structure of personality: dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion, The Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 22(1999) 491-569

      [15] Lang P.J., M.M. Bradley, B.N. Cuthbert. International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Technical manual and affective ratings. Gainesville, FL: NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, 1997.

      [16] Carretié L., M. Martin-Loeches, J.A. Hinojosa, F. Mercado, Emotion and attention interaction studied through event-related potentials, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13(2001) 1109-1128.

      [17] Conroy M.A. and J. Polich, Affective valence and P300 when stimulus arousal level is controlled, Cognition and Emotion, 21(2007) 891-901.

      [18] Cuthbert B.N., H.T. Schupp, M.M. Bradley, N. Birbaumer, P.J. Lang, Brain potentials in affective picture processing: covariation with autonomic arousal and affective report, Biological Psychology, 52(2000) 95-111.

      [19] Keil A, M.M. Müller, T. Gruber, C. Wienbruch, M. Stolarova, T. Elbert, Effects of emotional arousal in the cerebral hemispheres: a study of oscillatory brain activity and event-related potentials, Clinical Neurophysiology, 112(2001) 2057-2068

      [20] [20] Angrilli A., P. Cherubini, A. Pavese, S. Mantredini, The influence of affective factors on time perception, Perception and Psychophysics, 59(1997) 972-982

      [21] Gil S. and S. Droit-Volet, Emotional time distortions: the fundamental role of arousal, Cognition and Emotion, 26(2012) 847-862.

      [22] Olofsson J.K. and J. Polich, Affective visual event- related potentials: arousal, repetition, and time-on-task, Biolological Psychology, 75(2007) 101-108.

      [23] Olofsson J.K., S. Nordin, H. Sequeira, J. Polich, Affective picture processing: an integrative review of ERP findings, Biological Psychology, 77(2008) 247-265

      [24] Rozenkrants B. and J. Polich, Affective ERP processing in a visual oddball task: arousal, valence, and gender, Clinical Neurophysiology, 119(2008) 2260-2265.

      [25] Schupp H.T., B.N. Cuthbert, M.M. Bradley, J.T. acioppo, T. Ito, P.J. Lang, Affective picture processing: the late positive potential is modulated by motivational relevance, Psychophysiology, 37(2000) 257-261.

      [26] Anders S., M. Lotze, M. Erb, W. Grodd, N. Birbaumer, Brain activity underlying emotional valence and arousal: a response-related fMRI study, Human Brain Mapping, 23(2004) 200-209

      [27] Li H., J. Yuan, C. Lin, The neural mechanism underlying the female advantage in identifying negative emotions: an event-related potential study, Neuroimage, 40(2008) 1921-1929.

      [28] Yuan J., Q. Zhang, A. Chen, A. Li H, Q. Wang, Z. Zhuang, et al. Are we sensitive to valence differences in emotionally negative stimuli? Electrophysiological evidence from an ERP study, Neuropsychologia, 45(2007) 2764-2771

      [29] Delplanque S, M.E. Lavoie, P. Hot, L. Silvert, H. Sequeira, Modulation of cognitive processing by emotional valence studied through event-related potentials in humans, Neuroscience Letter, 356(2004) 1- 4

      [30] Delplanque S, L. Silvert, P. Hot, H. Sequeira, Event- related P3a and P3b in response to unpredictable emotional stimuli, Biological Psychology. 68(2005) 107-120.

      [31] Yuan J.J., J.M.Yang, X.X. Meng, F.Q. Yu, H. Li H, The valence strength of negative stimuli modulates visual novelty processing: electrophysiological evidence from an event-related potential study, Neuroscience, 157 (2008) 524-531

      [32] Ito T.A., J.T. Larsen, N.K. Smith, J. T. Cacioppo, Negative information weighs more heavily on the brain: the negativity bias in evaluative categorizations, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1998) 887-900.

      [33] Bartussek D, G. Becker, O. Diedrich, E. Naumann, S. Maier, Extraversion, neuroticism, and event-related brain potentials in response to emotional stimuli, Personality and Individual Differences, 20(1996) 301- 312

      [34] Yuan J., Y. He, Y. Lei, J. Yang, H. Li, Event-related potential correlates of the extraverts’ sensitivity to valence changes in positive stimuli, Neuroreport, 20(2009) 1071-1076

      [35] Carretié L, J.A. Hinojosa, M. Martin-Loeches, F. Mercado, M. Tapia, Automatic attention to emotional stimuli: neural correlates, Human Brain Mapping, 22(2004) 290-299

      [36] Rozenkrants B., J.K. Olofsson, J. Polich. Affective visual event-related potentials: arousal, valence, and repetition effects for normal and distorted pictures, International Journal of Pyschophysiology. 67(2008) 114-123.

      [37] Dillon D.G., J.J. Cooper, T. Grent-‘t-Jong, M.G. Woldorff, K.S. LaBar, Dissociation of event-related potentials indexing arousal and semantic cohesion during emotional word encoding, Brain and Cognition, 62(2006) 43-57

      [38] Hajcak G, J.S. Moser, R.F. Simons. Attending to affect: appraisal strategies modulate the electrocortical response to arousing pictures, Emotion, 6(2006) 517- 522.

      [39] Delplanque S, L. Silvert, P. Hot, S. Rigoulot, H. Sequeira, Arousal and valence effects on event-related P3a and P3b during emotional categorization, International Journal of Psychophysiology, 60(2006) 315-322.

      [40] Pritchard W.S., Psychophysiology of P300, Psychological Bulletin, 89(1981) 506-540

      [41] Yuan J., J. Zhang, X. Zhou, J. Yang, X. Meng, Q. Zhang et al. Neural mechanisms underlying the higher levels of subjective well-being in extraverts: pleasant bias and unpleasant resistance, Cognitive Affective Behavioral Neuroscience, 12(2012) 175-192.

      [42] Cahill J.M. and J. Polich, The P300, probability, and introverted/extroverted personality types, Biological Psychology, 33(1992) 23-35

      [43] Daruna J.H., R. Karrer, A. J. Rosen, Introversion, attention and the late positive component of event- related potentials, Biological Psychology, 20(1985) 249- 259.

      [44] Ditraglia G.M. and J. Polich. P300 and introverted/extraverted personality types, Psychophysiology, 28(1991) 177-184.

      [45] Bassal C., J. Czellar, S. Kaiser, E.S. Dan-Glauser. Relationship between emotions, emotion-regulation, and well-being of professional caregivers of people with dementia, Research on Aging, 38(2016) 477-503.

      [46] Gillanders S, M. Wild, C. Deighan, D. Gillanders, Emotion regulation, affect, psychosocial functioning, and well-being in hemodialysis patients, American Journal of Kidney Disease, 51(2008) 651-662.

      [47] Quoidbach J, E.V. Berry, M. Hansenne, M. Mikolajczak Positive emotion regulation and well-being: comparing the impact of eight savoring and dampening strategies, Personality and Individual Differences, 49(2010) 368- 373.

      [48] Doucet C and R.M. Stelmack, An event-related potential analysis of extraversion and individual differences in cognitive processing speed and response execution, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2000) 956-964.

      [49] Rugg M.D. and M.G. Coles, Electrophysiology of mind: Event-related brain potentials and cognition, England, Oxford University Press, 1995.

      [50] Woodman G.F., A brief introduction to the use of event related potentials (ERPs) in studies of perception and attention, Attention, Perception and Psychophysics, 72(2010) 1-16.

      [51] Watson D. and K. Naragon-Gainey, Personality, emotions, and the emotional disorders, Clinical Psychological Science, 2(2014) 422-442.

      [52] Fadda D and L.S. Scalas, Neuroticism as a moderator of direct and mediated relationships between introversion- extraversion and well-being, European Journal of Psychology, 12(2016) 49-67.

      [53] Paunonen S.V. and M.C. Ashton, D.N. Jackson, Nonverbal assessment of the Big Five personality factors, European Journal of Personality, 15(2001) 3-18

      [54] Brislin R.W. Back-translation for cross-cultural research, Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 1(1970) 185-216.

      [55] Rios J. and C. Wells, Validity evidence based on internal structure, Psicothema, 26(2014) 108-116.

      [56] Tavakol M. and R. Dennick, Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha, International Journal of Medical Education, 2 (2011) 53-55.

      [57] Trevethan R, Intraclass correlation coefficients: clearing the air, extending some cautions, and making some requests, Health Services Outcomes Research Methodology, 23 (2016) 1–17

      [58] Fleiss J.L. The Design and Analysis of Clinical Experiments, Canada, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1986.

      [59] DraÄe S., E. Efendić, M. Kusturica, L. Landžo. Cross- culturual validation of the ‘International Affective Picture System’ (IAPS) on a sample from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Psihologija, 46(2013) 17-26.

      [60] Zhou P., G. Yang, W. Nan, X. Liu, The time course of attentional modulation on emotional conflict processing, Cognition and Emotion, 30(2016) 621-637

      [61] Canli T, H. Sivers, S.L. Whitfield, I.H. Gotlib, J.D. Gabrieli, Amygdala response to happy faces as a function of extraversion. Science, 296(2002) 1291.

      [62] Derryberry D and M.A. Reed. Temperament and attention: orienting toward and away from positive and negative signals, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(1994) 1128-1139

      [63] Amin Z, R.T. Constable, T. Canli. Attentional bias for valenced stimuli as a function of personality in the dot- probe task, Journal of Research in Personality, 38(2004) 15-23

      [64] Schupp HT, T Flaisch, J. Stockburger, M. Junghöfer, Emotion and attention: event-related brain potential studies. Progress in Brain Research, 156 (2006) 31-51

      [65] Schupp H.T., M. Junghöfer, A.I. Weike, A.O. Hamm, Emotional facilitation of sensory processing in the visual cortex, Psychological Science, 14(2003)7-13.

      [66] Carretié L, J.A.Hinojosa, J. Albert, F. Mercado, Neural response to sustained affective visual stimulation using an indirect task, Experimental Brain Research, 174(2006) 630-637

      [67] Beauregard M, J. Lévesque, P. Bourgouin, Neural correlates of conscious self-regulation of emotion, Journal of Neuroscience, 21(2001) RC165

      [68] Schupp HT and J Stockburger, M. Codispoti, M. Junghöfer, Weike A.I., A.O. Hamm, Selective visual attention to emotion, Journal of Neuroscience, 27(2007) 1082-1089.

      [69] Carretié L, J.A.Hinojosa, F. Mercado, Cerebral patterns of attentional habituation to emotional visual stimuli. Psychophysiology, 40(2003) 381-388

      [70] Keil A, M.M.Bradley, O. Hauk, B. Rockstroh, T. Elbert, P.J. Lang, Large-scale neural correlates of affective picture processing, Psychophysiology, 39(2002) 641– 649.

      [71] Lang P.J., M.M. Bradley, J.R. Fitzsimmons, B.N. Cuthbert, J.D. Scott, B. Moulder, et al., Emotional arousal and activation of the visual cortex: an fMRI analysis, Psychophysiology, 35(1998) 199-210.

      [72] Mini A., D. Palomba, A. Angrilli, S. Bravi, Emotional information processing and visual evoked brain potentials, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 83(1996) 143– 152

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Yusoff, N., NurAzhani Anuar, N., Nor Arifin, W., Begum, T., & Reza, F. (2018). Emotional Arousal Substrate in Relation to Eysenck Theory of Extraversion. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(3.22), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.22.17115

    Received date: 2018-08-08

    Accepted date: 2018-08-08

    Published date: 2018-08-08