Parameters Affecting Coating Uniformity of Alkali -Activated Material Coated Fertilizer

  • Authors

    • Luqman Hakim H
    • Ku. Zilati KZ.
    • Muhammad Harris N.
    2018-08-14
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.26.17457
  • controlled release urea, alkali-activated material, inlet air pressure, spraying rate, coating thickness.

  • The establishment of Controlled Release Urea (CRU) in agriculture industry has given a great significant outcome towards the development of economy while preserving the environment. As it is developed through a coating process, it does not only help to increase fertilizer’s efficiency, but also minimize the loss of nutrients into the soil and environmental pollution. There are many types of coating materials that have been extensively studied as well as applied in everyday life from pharmaceutical industry to engineering industry such as in pharmaceutical tablet, road construction and corrosion control of steel structures like offshore platforms. In this research, the alkali-activated material composite has been developed as a new coating material and is introduced as the main coating material for the CRU. In term of environmental friendliness, alkali-activated material (AAM) is  considered better than sulphur and polymer. However, the combination of fly ash and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution producing the AAM paste needs further research since it can be categorized as a novel coating material for CRU. It is also to ensure the suitability of it to be used as a coating material on urea fertilizer. A significant coating thickness along with good hardness strength can produce promising coated urea granules characteristics. Two parameters have been studied for this research to identify its effect towards coating thickness and hardness strength of coated urea granules which are inlet air pressure and spraying rate. These two parameters are identified to be crucial in enhancing the characteristics of coated urea granules.

     

     

  • References

    1. [1] Atapattu, S.S. and D.C. Kodituwakku, Agriculture in South Asia and its implications on downstream health and sustainability: a review. Agricultural Water Management, 2009. 96(3): p. 361-373.

      [2] Heffer, P. and M. Prud’homme, Global Nitrogen Fertilizer Demand and Supply: Trend, Current Level and Outlook. 2016.

      [3] Azeem, B., et al., Review on materials & methods to produce controlled release coated urea fertilizer. Journal of Controlled Release, 2014. 181(Supplement C): p. 11-21.

      [4] Trenkel, M.E., Slow-and controlled-release and stabilized fertilizers: An option for enhancing nutrient use efficiency in agriculture. 2010: IFA, International fertilizer industry association.

      [5] Shaviv, A., Controlled Release Fertilizers. IFA International Workshop on Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers, Frankfurt. International Fertilizer Industry Association, Paris, France, 2005.

      [6] Salman, O.A., Polyethylene-Coated Urea. 1. Improved Storage and Handling Properties. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 1989. 28(5): p. 630-632.

      [7] Tomaszewska, M. and A. Jarosiewicz, Use of polysulfone in controlled-release NPK fertilizer formulations. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2002. 50(16): p. 4634-4639.

      [8] Abraham, J. and V.N.R. Pillai, Membrane-encapsulated controlled-release urea fertilizers based on acrylamide copolymers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1996. 60(13): p. 2347-2351.

      [9] Yang, Y.C., et al., Improving the quality of polymer-coated urea with recycled plastic, proper additives, and large tablets. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2012. 60(45): p. 11229-11237.

      [10] Teixeiraâ€Pinto, A., et al., Geopolymerâ€Jute Composite: A Novel Environmentally Friendly Composite with Fire Resistant Properties. Developments in Porous, Biological and Geopolymer Ceramics: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, Volume 28, Issue 9, 2009: p. 337-346.

      [11] Stewart, W., et al., The contribution of commercial fertilizer nutrients to food production. Agronomy Journal, 2005. 97(1): p. 1-6.

      [12] Nelson, K., et al., Agricultural management of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers in the north-central United States. Crop Management, 2008. 7(1): p. 0-0.

      [13] Blouin, G.M. and D.W. Rindt, Method of making sulfur-coated fertilizer pellet having a controlled dissolution rate. 1967, Google Patents.

      [14] Dave, A., et al., A review on controlled release of nitrogen fertilizers through polymeric membrane devices. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 1999. 38(4): p. 675-711.

      [15] Zhan, F., et al., Preparation of superabsorbent polymer with slowâ€release phosphate fertilizer. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2004. 92(5): p. 3417-3421.

      [16] Liu, M., et al., Preparation of superabsorbent slow release nitrogen fertilizer by inverse suspension polymerization. Polymer international, 2007. 56(6): p. 729-737.

      [17] Chen, L., et al., Controlled release of urea encapsulated by starch-g-poly (L-lactide). Carbohydrate polymers, 2008. 72(2): p. 342-348.

      [18] Anggoro, D.D., Producing slow release urea by coating with starch/acrylic acid in fluid bed spraying. 2011.

      [19] Ku Shaari, K.Z., L.H. Hassan, and Z. Man. Optimization of Coating Thickness in a Tangential Fluidized Bed. in Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2014. Trans Tech Publ.

      [20] Werner, S.R., et al., Air-suspension particle coating in the food industry: Part I—State of the art. Powder Technology, 2007. 171(1): p. 25-33.

      [21] K. Eichler, Process selection. 1989, Glatt GmbH, Binzen.

      [22] Duxson, P., et al., The role of inorganic polymer technology in the development of ‘green concrete’. Cement and Concrete Research, 2007. 37(12): p. 1590-1597.

      [23] Xu, H., et al., Low-reactive circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) fly ashes as source material for geopolymer synthesis. Waste Management, 2010. 30(1): p. 57-62.

      [24] Dubey, A., et al., Effect of speed, loading and spray pattern on coating variability in a pan coater. Chemical engineering science, 2011. 66(21): p. 5107-5115.

      [25] Bolleddula, D., A. Berchielli, and A. Aliseda, Impact of a heterogeneous liquid droplet on a dry surface: Application to the pharmaceutical industry. Advances in colloid and interface science, 2010. 159(2): p. 144-159.

      [26] García-Muñoz, S. and D.S. Gierer, Coating uniformity assessment for colored immediate release tablets using multivariate image analysis. International journal of pharmaceutics, 2010. 395(1): p. 104-113.

      [27] Rostam, O., et al. Assessing the Significance of Rate and Time Pulse Spraying in Top Spray Granulation of Urea Fertilizer Using Taguchi Method. in Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2015. Trans Tech Publ.

      [28] Just, S., et al., Optimization of the inter-tablet coating uniformity for an active coating process at lab and pilot scale. International journal of pharmaceutics, 2013. 457(1): p. 1-8.

      [29] Rege, B.D., J. Gawel, and J.H. Kou, Identification of critical process variables for coating actives onto tablets via statistically designed experiments. International journal of pharmaceutics, 2002. 237(1): p. 87-94.

      [30] Tobiska, S. and P. Kleinebudde, Coating uniformity and coating efficiency in a Bohle Lab-Coaterusing oval tablets. European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics, 2003. 56(1): p. 3-9.

      [31] Kalbag, A., et al., Inter-tablet coating variability: residence times in a horizontal pan coater. Chemical Engineering Science, 2008. 63(11): p. 2881-2894.

      [32] Kalbag, A. and C. Wassgren, Inter-tablet coating variability: Tablet residence time variability. Chemical Engineering Science, 2009. 64(11): p. 2705-2717.

      [33] Abdul Rahim, R., et al., Comparison of Using NaOH and KOH Activated Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer on the Mechanical Properties. 2014.

      [34] Hassan, L.H., K. KuShaari, and Z. Man, Urea Hardness Optimization in a Fluidized Bed Coating Equipment using Taguchi Design Method. Applied Mechanics & Materials, 2014. 699.

      [35] Subramonian, S., et al., Top Spray Fluidized Bed Granulated Paddy Urea Fertilizer. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014. 606: p. 137-140.

      [36] Box, G.E., W.G. Hunter, and J.S. Hunter, Fractional factorial designs at two levels. Statistics for experimenters. An introduction to design, data analysis and model building. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1978: p. 374-418.

      [37] Pandey, P., et al., Scale-up of a pan-coating process. AAPS PharmSciTech, 2006. 7(4): p. E125-E132.

      [38] Palamanit, A., et al., Effects of inlet air temperature and spray rate of coating solution on quality attributes of turmeric extract coated rice using top-spray fluidized bed coating technique. Journal of food engineering, 2013. 114(1): p. 132-138.

      [39] Terrazas-Velarde, K., M. Peglow, and E. Tsotsas, Stochastic simulation of agglomerate formation in fluidized bed spray drying: a micro-scale approach. Chemical Engineering Science, 2009. 64(11): p. 2631-2643.

      [40] Sahni, E. and B. Chaudhuri, Experiments and numerical modeling to estimate the coating variability in a pan coater. International journal of pharmaceutics, 2011. 418(2): p. 286-296.

      [41] Rege, B.D., J. Gawel, and J.H. Kou, Identification of critical process variables for coating actives onto tablets via statistically designed experiments. International journal of pharmaceutics, 2002. 237(1): p. 87-94.

      [42] Ruotsalainen, M., Studies on aqueous film coating of tablets performed in a side-vented pan coater. 2003.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Hakim H, L., Zilati KZ., K., & Harris N., M. (2018). Parameters Affecting Coating Uniformity of Alkali -Activated Material Coated Fertilizer. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(3.26), 33-37. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.26.17457