50 days of war on innocent civilian: Ma’an news agency coverage of Israeli and Palestinian conflict
-
2018-10-02 https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.9.20635
-
Media framing, content analysis, Israeli and Palestinian conflict, and Gaza war 2014. -
Abstract
Since the TV broadcasting was established in Arab countries until the 1990s, broadcasting during this specific time was based on a government control model, which derived from the view of broadcasting as an instrument of state advance that must be under the control from government. This kind of TVs, limits the broadcasting to highlight the government issue (1). In these kind of TVs, they focus with the leader’s opinion more than the Palestinian problem. By the way, the theme in Arab media determined to highlight the leader’s opinion who claims the right to speak on behalf of Palestinians. In September 1991, the first private TV in the Arab world was established when MBC went on the air from London. More private TVs followed after that like: Orbit in 1994 and ART in 1995, both based in Italy owned by Saudi businessmen, Future Television and LBC, both Lebanese based in Beirut, in 1995, and Al-Jazeera based in Qatar in 1996. In 2002 the number of the Arab TV stations was expanded to more than 150 TVS as government or privately owned, with capability of reaching the Arab people in any place in the world. This paper focuses on the media coverage of the conflict between two parties Palestine and Israel. The preview studies show that, in a conflict the media has an influential role and has responsibility for increasing violence or contributing to the resolution of conflict and mitigation of violence (2). This study examined 61 news coverage and framing of the Israel and Palestine conflict, known as the 50 days’ war from 8 July – 26 August 2014 by Ma’an News Agency, which delivers news to Ma’an TV (Palestinian satellite television station). A quantitative content analysis was employed to examine the news published during the war using five generic frames developed by (3). Holsti Inter-coder reliability and validity test value is 0.988 or 98% agreement. The results showed that conflict and human-interest frames were significantly visible compared to other frames in Ma’an news coverage. Portrayal of images of civilian killing, children and women killed in their homes and suffrage news coverage, in this war. Responsibility frame stressed on hospitals bombing and embargo of medications which reduced chances for Palestinian of immediate medical help. The economic frame highlighted the economic and financial losses of Palestinians as consequences of 50 days’ war. Most of them lost their income, businesses, agriculture land and homes and became refugees.
Â
Â
-
References
[1] Ayish MI. Political communication on Arab world television: Evolving patterns. Political communication. 2002;19(2):137-54.
[2] Puddephatt A. Voices of war: Conflict and the role of the media: International Media Support; 2006.
[3] Semetko HA, Valkenburg PM. Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and television news. Journal of communication. 2000;50(2):93-109.
[4] Alyousef Y, Zanuddin H. Saudi Arabian Government Crisis Management and Prevention Strategies: Has it been Effective to Curb the Presence of Radical Groups in the Social Media? International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research. 2017(AIMC 2017 Special Issue & Paper presented at the Asia International Multidisciplinary Conference, UTM Johor, Malaysia, May 1-2).
[5] Ambikapaty M, Zanuddin H. Gatekeeper or Crisis Manager? Coverage of "Lahad Datu" Conflict. Advance Science Letters. 2017;AIMC 2017 Special Issue & Paper presented at the Asia International Multidisciplinary Conference, UTM Johor, Malaysia, May 1-2.
[6] Burnett E, Johnston B, Corlett J, Kearney N. Constructing identities in the media: newspaper coverage analysis of a major UK Clostridium difficile outbreak. Journal of advanced nursing. 2014;70(7):1542-52.
[7] Ganjian M, Zanuddin H. Media, Politicization of Colors and
Construction of Identity: The Role of Colors in Social Movements and Revolutions. Information-an International Interdisciplinary Journal. 2017(AIMC 2017 Special Issue & Paper presented at the Asia International Multidisciplinary Conference, UTM Johor, Malaysia, May 1-2).
[8] Watimin NH, Zanuddin H. Managing Crisis and Response Times Analysis: The Effectiveness of Online Monitoring Strategy Analysis in Plaza Low Yat Racial Riots Incident and Bersih 4.0. Information-an International Interdisciplinary Journal. 2017(AIMC 2017 Special Issue & Paper presented at the Asia International Multidisciplinary Conference, UTM Johor, Malaysia, May 1-2).
[9] Zanuddin H, Almahallawi W. Media Framing approach of Israelis and Palestinian Conflict: Ma’an News Coverageon War, Pain and Humanitarian Issues. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Science. 2017(AIMC 2017 Special Issue & Paper presented at the Asia International Multidisciplinary Conference, UTM Johor, Malaysia, May 1-2).
[10] Zanuddin H, Alyousef Y. Social Media Grooming: The Relationship of Social Media, Youth and Terrorism in Saudi Arabia. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Science. 2017(AIMC 2017 Special Issue & Paper presented at the Asia International Multidisciplinary Conference, UTM Johor, Malaysia, May 1-2).
[11] Zanuddin H, Watimin NH. Public Opinion Formation: The Role of Independent Media Portal during Crisis. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Science. 2017(AIMC 2017 Special Issue & Paper presented at the Asia International Multidisciplinary Conference, UTM Johor, Malaysia, May 1-2).
[12] Zanuddin H, Mukhtar N. Local Product Brand Image: A Case Study of Small and Medium Enterprises in Muar, Johor. International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research. 2017(AIMC 2017 Special Issue & Paper presented at the Asia International Multidisciplinary Conference, UTM Johor, Malaysia, May 1-2).
[13] Mudjirin AC, Zanuddin H. Political Information Sharing Pattern and Trend Among Students in the Islamic Boarding School in Madura, Indonesia: A Non-Digital Choice? Advance Science Letters. 2017(AIMC 2017 Special Issue & Paper presented at the Asia International Multidisciplinary Conference, UTM Johor, Malaysia, May 1-2).
[14] Zanuddin H, Ambikapaty M. Visual Framing Of “Lahad Datu†Conflict Coverage In Malaysian Mainstream Newspapers. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Science. 2017(AIMC 2017 Special Issue & Paper presented at the Asia International Multidisciplinary Conference, UTM Johor, Malaysia, May 1-2).
[15] Zanuddin H, Mudjirin AC. Fostering Political Participation among Students of Pesantren through New Media in Madura. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Science. 2017(AIMC 2017 Special Issue & Paper presented at the Asia International Multidisciplinary Conference, UTM Johor, Malaysia, May 1-2).
[16] Zanuddin H, Ganjian M. A Constructivism Approach to Social Movements and the Role of Media in Collaborative Knowledge Construction. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Science. 2017(AIMC 2017 Special Issue & Paper presented at the Asia International Multidisciplinary Conference, UTM Johor, Malaysia, May 1-2).
[17] Benvenisti M. Sacred landscape: The buried history of the Holy Land since 1948: Univ of California Press; 2000.
[18] Sathar MA. The war in Gaza: a humanitarian crisis: opinion. South African Journal of Bioethics and Law. 2014;7(2):76-7.
[19] Entman RM. Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of communication. 1993;43(4):51-8.
[20] Steele K. Palestinian-Arab Media Frames and Stereotypes of Israeli-Jews. Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications. 2014;5(1).
[21] An S-K, Gower KK. How do the news media frame crises? A content analysis of crisis news coverage. Public Relations Review. 2009;35(2):107-12.
[22] Gamson WA. Talking politics: Cambridge university press; 1992.
[23] Elmasry MH, Shamy AE, Manning P, Mills A, Auter PJ. Al-Jazeera and Al-Arabiya framing of the Israel–Palestine conflict during war and calm periods. International Communication Gazette. 2013;75(8):750-68.
[24] Christison K. US Policy and the Palestinians: Bound by a Frame of Reference. Journal of Palestine Studies. 1997;26(4):46-59.
[25] Sheafer T, Dvir-Gvirsman S. The spoiler effect: Framing attitudes and expectations toward peace. Journal of Peace Research. 2010;47(2):205-15.
[26] Neuman WR, Just MR, Crigler AN. Common knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1992.
[27] Zanuddin H, Abdoulaye OK. Health Public Relations Campaign and Online News Coverage Focus: Does it help Public Health Policy and the People of Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)? European Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Science. 2017(AIMC 2017 Special Issue & Paper presented at the Asia International Multidisciplinary Conference, UTM Johor, Malaysia, May 1-2).
[28] Rung CJ, Zanuddin H. Media Attention for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Malaysia: A Comparative Analysis of Malaysia Chinese Newspapers Coverage. Information-an International Interdisciplinary Journal. 2017(AIMC 2017 Special Issue & Paper presented at the Asia International Multidisciplinary Conference, UTM Johor, Malaysia, May 1-2).
[29] Abdoulaye OK, Zanuddin H. Online Media's Role in Public Health Information and Communication Sharing in Cote d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast). Information-an International Interdisciplinary Journal. 2017(AIMC 2017 Special Issue & Paper presented at the Asia International Multidisciplinary Conference, UTM Johor, Malaysia, May 1-2).
[30] Deprez A, Raeymaeckers K. Bias in the news? The representation of Palestinians and Israelis in the coverage of the First and Second Intifada. International Communication Gazette. 2010;72(1):91-109.
[31] Zogby JJ. Palestinians, the invisible victims: American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee; 1981.
-
Downloads
-
How to Cite
Almahallawi, W., & Zanuddin, H. (2018). 50 days of war on innocent civilian: Ma’an news agency coverage of Israeli and Palestinian conflict. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4.9), 145-150. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.9.20635Received date: 2018-09-30
Accepted date: 2018-09-30
Published date: 2018-10-02