Strategies to manage electronic waste approaches: an overview in east Asia

  • Authors

    • Waleed Al-Rahmi
    • Norma Al-Rahmi
    • Akhtar Ali
    • Noraffandy Yahaya
    • Muneer Saleh
    • Qusay Al-Maatouk
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.21576

  • Abstract

    The issue of e-waste is becoming an increasingly threatening problem as it contains many toxic materials that can severely harm both human beings and the environment. This problem is expected to worsen if not serious efforts are taken to manage this e-waste. The current research introduced the best strategies and techniques with managerial efforts taken in this regard to deal with the e-waste in East Asia countries. Countries have been using a variety of techniques to deal with this problem namely: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA), Material Flow Analysis (MFA), and Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). Therefore, these strategies are prosed to work to-gether to insure the best results in dealing with this problem. Moreover, this research involves a systematic and organized review of 308 research articles regarding electronic waste from 2000 to 2017. An analysis of studies dedicated to manage e-waste in East Asia countries was carried out on the basis of certain dimensions, namely, year of publication, journal, country, and subject area. Based on the obtained findings, the most of studies are from environmental science, chemistry, engineering, medicine and an energy area in the rate of (33.8%), (12.3%), (8.8%), (8.4%) and (5.8%) respectively. Furthermore, the findings have shown an increasing trend over recent years from 2010-2017.

  • References

    1. [1] Afroz, R., Masud, M. M., Akhtar, R., & Duasa, J. B. (2013). Survey and analysis of public knowledge, awareness and willingness to pay in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia – a case study on household WEEE management. Journal of Cleaner Production, 52, 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.02.004.

      [2] Agamuthu, P., & Victor, D. (2011). Policy trends of extended producer responsibility in Malaysia. Waste Management & Research, 29(9), 945–953. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X11413332.

      [3] Ahluwalia, P.K., & Nema, A.K., (2007). A life cycle based multi-objective optimization model for the management of computer waste. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 51, 792–826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.01.001.

      [4] Alias, A. F., Ishak, M. B., Zulkifli, S. N. A. M., & Jalil, R. A. (2014). E-waste management: An emerging global crisis and the Malaysian scenario. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 4(4), 444-457.

      [5] Apisitpuvakul, W., Piumsomboon, P., Watts, D.J., & Koetsinchai, W., (2008). LCA of spent fluorescent lamps in Thailand at various rates of recycling. Journal of Cleaner Production, 16, 1046–1061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.06.015.

      [6] Arora, R. (2008). Best Practices for e-waste management in developing nations. Europe Aid Co-operation Office, 1-24.

      [7] Babington, J. C., Siwar, C., Fariz, A. M., & Ara, R. B. (2010). Bridging the Gaps: An E-waste management and recycling assessment of material recycling facilities in Selangor and Penang. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(3), 383.

      [8] Balde, C.P., Wang, F., Kuehr, R., & Huisman, J., (2015). The Global E-waste Monitor 2014. Quantities Flows and Resources. United Nations University, IAS e SCYCLE, Bonn,

      [9] Belboom, S., Renzoni, R., Deleu, X., Digneffe, J.-M., & Leonard, A., (2011). Electrical waste management effects on environment using life cycle assessment methodology: the fridge case study. In: SETAC EUROPE 17th LCA Case Study Symposium Sustainable Lifestyles, Budapest, Hungary, p. 2.

      [10] Brunner, P., & Rechberger, H., (2004). Practical handbook of material flow analysis. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 9, 337–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02979426.

      [11] Bushehri, F. I. (2010). UNEP’s role in promoting environmentally sound management of e-waste. In fifth ITU Symposium on ‘‘ICTs, the Environment and Climate Change’’Cairo, Egypt.

      [12] Choi, B.C., Shin, H.S., Lee, S.Y., & Hur, T., (2006). Life cycle assessment of a personal computer and its effective recycling rate. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 11, 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1065/lca2004.12.196.

      [13] Department of Environment (2009). The e-waste inventory project Malaysia. Department of Environment, Malaysia World Bank. World Bank 2014.pdf. World Bank. 2014.

      [14] Devi, B. S., Shobha, S. V., & Kamble, R. K. (2004). E-waste: the hidden harm of technological revolution.196-205.

      [15] DOE (2010). Guideline for the Electrical and Electronic Equipment in Malaysia. Jab Alam Sekitar. 2010. www.doe.gov.my.

      [16] Duan, H., Eugster, M., Hischier, R., Streicher-Porte, M., & Li, J., (2009). Life cycle assessment study of a Chinese desktop personal computer. Science of the Total Environment, 407, 1755–1764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.063.

      [17] Duan, H., Wang, J., & Huang, Q. (2015). Encouraging the environmentally sound management of C&D waste in China: An integrative review and research agenda. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 43, 611-620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.11.069.

      [18] Fatihah S, Rahman RA, Yusof A, & Masdar MS (2014). E-Waste Management Scenarios in Malaysia. Journal Waste Management, 1-7.

      [19] Garfì, M., Tondelli, S., & Bonoli, A., (2009). Multi-criteria decision analysis for waste management in Saharawi refugee camps. Waste Management, 29, 2729–2739 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.05.019.

      [20] Hasan, M. A., Abbasi, T. A., Mahapatra, R. P., Ahmed, S., & Abbasi, M. S. (2010). E-waste management and hazardous effect on environment. In Proceedings of the fourth National Conference. INDIACom.

      [21] Hicks, C., Dietmar, R., & Eugster, M., (2005). The recycling and disposal of electrical and electronic waste in China-legislative and market responses. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 25, 459–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2005.04.007.

      [22] Hong, J., Shi, W., Wang, Y., Chen, W., & Li, X. (2015). Life cycle assessment of electronic waste treatment. Waste Management, 38, 357-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.12.022.

      [23] Horie, Y.A., (2004). Life cycle Optimization of Household Refrigerator–Freezer Replacement. Natural Resources and Environment. University of Michigan, Michigan, USA, p. 81.

      [24] Hula, A., Jalali, K., Hamza, K., Skerlos, S.J., & Saitou, K., (2003). Multi-criteria decisionmaking for optimization of product disassembly under multiple situations. Environmental Science & Technology, 37, 5303–5313. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0345423.

      [25] Idris K.M, (2012). E-Waste Management Network Department of Environment. 2012.

      [26] Kalana, J. A. (2010). Electrical and electronic waste management practice by households in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(2), 132.

      [27] Kang, H. Y., & Schoenung, J. M. (2005). Electronic waste recycling a review of US infrastructure and technology options. Conservation and Recycling, 45(4), 368-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2005.06.001.

      [28] Kiddee, P., Naidu, R., & Wong, M. H. (2013). Electronic waste management approaches: An overview. Waste Management, 33(5), 1237-1250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.01.006.

      [29] Kim, J., Hwang, Y., Matthews, H.S., & Park, K., (2004). Methodology for recycling potential evaluation criterion of waste home appliances considering environmental and economic factor. IEEE, 68–73.

      [30] Kim, S., Hwang, T., & Overcash, M., (2001). Life cycle assessment study of color computer monitor. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 6, 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02977594.

      [31] Kwan, C. S., Takada, H., Mizukawa, K., Torii, M., Koike, T., Yamashita, R, & Santiago, E. C. (2013). PBDEs in leachates from municipal solid waste dumping sites in tropical Asian countries: phase distribution and debromination. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(6), 4188-4204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1365-3.

      [32] Lease, K., (2002). Asian Countries Jump on the EPR Bandwagon. Institute for Local Self-Reliance, Washington, DC.

      [33] Lepawsky, J., (2012). Legal geographies of e-waste legislation in Canada and the US: Jurisdiction, responsibility and the taboo of production. Geoforum 43, 1194-1206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.03.006.

      [34] Lin, W. Y., Heng, K. S., Nguyen, M. Q., Ho, J. R. I., Noh, O. A. B. M., Zhou, X. D., ... & Wang, J. Y. (2017). Evaluation of the leaching behavior of incineration bottom ash using seawater: A comparison with standard leaching tests. Waste Management, 62, 139-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.12.003.

      [35] Lu, L.T., Wernick, I.K., Hsiao, T.Y., Yu, Y.H., Yang, Y.-M., & Ma, H.W., (2006). Balancing the life cycle impacts of notebook computers: Taiwan’s experience. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 48, 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2005.12.010.

      [36] Mangold, J., Cristobal, K., Mars, C., & Dornfeld, D. (2015). Assessment framework and material flow analysis of material recovery facilities within the US to track consumer electronics by product category. Procedia CIRP, 29, 556-561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2015.02.202.

      [37] McKerlie, K., Knight, N., & Thorpe, B., (2006). Advancing extended producer responsibility in Canada. Journal of Cleaner Production, 14, 616–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.08.001.

      [38] Md. Bakri I, Shaik Md., Noor Alam S. M. H. & Abdul Rahman A. A., (2004), Legal regime of waste/industrial waste management in Malaysia as compared to U.K. and U.S.A. Unpad Journal of International Law, 3(2), 145-157.

      [39] Munoz, I., Gazulla, C., Bala, A., Puig, R., & Fullana, P., (2009). LCA and ecodesign in the toy industry: case study of a teddy bear incorporating electric and electronic components. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 14, 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-008-0044-6.

      [40] Nakamura, S., & Kondo, Y., (2006). A waste input-output life cycle cost analysis of the recycling of end-of-life electrical home appliances. Ecological Economics, 57, 494–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.05.002.

      [41] Nnorom, I.C., & Osibanjo, O., (2008). Overview of electronic waste (e-waste) management practices and legislations, and their poor applications in the developing countries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52, 843–858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.01.004.

      [42] Norazli O, Roslina M, Ezlin ABN, & Noor MYM (2015).Technology A, Teknologi U. Developing an Integrated Electronic Waste Management Approach in Malaysia.1(1):5-13.

      [43] OECD, (2001). Extended Producer Responsibility: A Guidance Manual for Governments. OECD, Paris, France. https://doi.org/10.1787/eco_surveys-fra-2001-en.

      [44] Park, P.J., Tahara, K., Jeong, I.T., & Lee, K.M., (2006). Comparison of four methods for integrating environmental and economic aspects in the end-of-life stage of a washing machine. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 48, 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.01.001.

      [45] Pérez-Belis, V., Bovea, M. D., & Ibáñez-Forés, V. (2015). An in-depth literature review of the waste electrical and electronic equipment context: Trends and evolution. Waste Management & Research, 33(1), 3-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X14557382.

      [46] Perunding Good Earth (PGE) (2009). The e-waste inventory project in Malaysia,†Department of Environment, Malaysia & EX- Corporation, Japan, 2009.

      [47] Pollock, D., & Coulon, R., (1996). Life cycle assessment of an inkjet print cartridge. In: Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, pp. 154–160. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.1996.501870.

      [48] Priya M., (2010), Sisa elektronik, standard dan pengguna. Laman Berita Pengguna. Available at http//www.konsumerkini.net.my/v1/index.php/berita-terkini/alam-sekit ar/177-sisa-elektronik-standard-dan-pengguna.

      [49] Puckett J, Byster L, &Westervelt S (2002). Exporting harm: the high-tech trashing of Asia, the basel action network (BAN) and silicon valley toxics coalition (SVTC). SVTC report; 2002 <http://www.ban.org/E-waste/technotrashï¬nalcomp.pdf>.

      [50] Queiruga, D., Walther, G., González-Benito, J., & Spengler, T., (2008). Evaluation of sites for the location of WEEE recycling plants in Spain. Waste Management, 28, 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.11.001.

      [51] Ramachandran S. & Renganayar C. D., (2011), returning old and used for disposal, New Sunday Times, April 11, 2011, p 10.

      [52] Robinson, B.H., (2009). E-waste: an assessment of global production and environmental impacts. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 183–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.09.044.

      [53] Rochman, F. F., Ashton, W. S., & Wiharjo, M. G. (2017). E-waste, money and power: Mapping electronic waste flows in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Environmental Development. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2017.02.002.

      [54] Rousis, K., Moustakas, K., Malamis, S., Papadopoulos, A., & Loizidou, M., (2008). Multicriteria analysis for the determination of the best WEEE management scenario in Cyprus. Waste Management, 28, 1941–1954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.12.001.

      [55] Satake, K., & Oishi, S., (1998). LCA for electronic products. A case study for CD-ROM drives. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, pp. 176–179. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.1998.675053.

      [56] Shinkuma, T., & Nguyen Thi Minh, H., (2009). The flow of e-waste material in the Asian region and a reconsideration of international trade policies on e-waste. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 29, 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2008.04.004.

      [57] Sthiannopkao, S., & Wong, M. H. (2013). Handling e-waste in developed and developing countries: Initiatives, practices, and consequences. Science of the Total Environment, 463, 1147-1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.088.

      [58] Streicher-Porte, M., Marthaler, C., Böni, H., Schluep, M., Camacho, Ã. & Hilty, L.M., (2009). One laptop per child, local refurbishment or overseas donations? Sustainability assessment of computer supply scenarios for schools in Colombia. Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 3498–3511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.06.002.

      [59] Suja, F., Abdul Rahman, R., Yusof, A., & Masdar, M. S. (2014). E-Waste management scenarios in Malaysia. Journal of Waste Management, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/609169.

      [60] Tojo, N., (2001). Extended Producer Responsibility Legislation for Electrical and Electronic Equipment- Approaches in Asia and Europe.

      [61] Wang, F., Leung, A. O. W., Wu, S. C., Yang, M. S., & Wong, M. H. (2009). Chemical and ecotoxicological analyses of sediments and elutriates of contaminated rivers due to e-waste recycling activities using a diverse battery of bioassays. Environmental Pollution, 157(7), 2082-2090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.02.015.

      [62] Widmer, R., Oswald-Krapf, H., Sinha-Khetriwal, D., Schnellmann, M., & Böni, H. (2005). Global perspectives on e-waste. Environmental impact assessment review, 25(5), 436-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2005.04.001.

      [63] Wong, C.S.C., Duzgoren-Aydin, N.S., Aydin, A., Wong, M.H., (2007a). Evidence of excessive releases of metals from primitive e-waste processing in Guiyu, China. Environmental Pollution, 148, 62–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.11.006.

      [64] Yedla, S. (2016). Development of a methodology for electronic waste estimation: A material flow analysis-based SYE-Waste Model. Waste Management & Research, 34(1), 81-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X15610421.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Al-Rahmi, W., Al-Rahmi, N., Ali, A., Yahaya, N., Saleh, M., & Al-Maatouk, Q. (2018). Strategies to manage electronic waste approaches: an overview in east Asia. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4), 3268-3275. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.21576

    Received date: 2018-11-25

    Accepted date: 2018-11-25