Aviation Safety Management: Minimizing the Deleterious Effect of an Aviation Disaster

  • Authors

    • Ainul Hafiza Zainudin
    • Nor Akhmal Hasmin
    • Ahmad Waseem Dhihny
    • Rohani Mohd Shah
    2018-11-30
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.25.22245
  • Civil Aviation, Aviation Disaster, Integrated Emergency Management Model (IEMM), Chaos Theory

  • Abstract

    Safety management of civil aviation industry should be taken assiduously to preserve incalculable human life. Though a comprehensive regulatory framework on safety management has been established at a local and international level to improve the safety standard in the aviation industry, this century has witnessed a rapid increased of aviation disasters due to the continued growth of safety mismanagement. This paper offers a discussion of the risk factor as an essential safety tool in preventing aviation disaster through its compliance with safety regulation and safety standard imposed upon regulatory authority. This paper also intends to discuss the safety doctrine laid down in Integrated Emergency Management Model (IEMM) and Chaos Theory in managing aviation disaster. This paper also tenders a discussion on the current legal position concerning safety management adopted by Malaysian aviation authorities. The reference is made to the State Safety Program (SSP) and Safety Management System (SMS) under Annex 19 of Chicago Convention within the purview of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The methodology used is the doctrinal research methodology in the discipline of law. The findings of this study serve to validate that Malaysia to the full extent have implemented ICAO Safety Management Manual (SMM); nevertheless, the effectiveness is debatable. Based on the literature, this paper seeks to propose that IEMM and Chaos Theory be made the foundation in establishing Malaysia's regulatory framework and the synchronisation between domestic law and international convention to be made mandatory.

     

     

  • References

    1. [1] Advisen Insurance Intelligence. (2012). White paper for aviation crisis management. Retrieved from http://www.chartisinsurance.com/ncglobalweb/internet/US/en/files/chartiscrisis_tcm295-448462.pdf

      [2] Ainul Hafiza et al. (2015). Crisis Management: A Need for specific Legal Framework in Governing Ascendant Air Disaster in Malaysia. 2nd GCBSS

      [3] Airport Standards Directive 105; Safety Management System at Aerodromes amended April 2016

      [4] Airport Standards Directive 105; Safety Management System at Aerodromes on 25 April 2016 BBC News, Air Disasters Timeline. British Broadcasting Centre, 1 November 2015

      [5] Alderson, J. C. (2009). Air safety, language assessment policy, and policy implementation: The case of aviation English. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 29, 168-187.

      [6] Ali Farazmand, ed. Handbook of crisis and emergency management. CRC Press, 2001.

      [7] Andrian Schofield, Jeremy Torr and Bradley Perrett, ’MH370 Search Coordination Lapses Echo Global Issues’ (2014) <http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/mh370-search-coordination-lapses-echo-global-issues>

      [8] Associated Press (2016, December 9). Colombia plane crash: Airline head held in jail as part of crash probe. The Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/12/09/colombia-plane-crash-airline-head-held-jail-part-crash-probe/

      [9] Aviation Organization (ICAO) http://www.mot.gov.my/Newsroom/PressRelease/MalaysiaRe-elected(ICAO).pdf

      [10] Berg, D. (1990) The First 24 hours: A comprehensive guide to successful crisis communications. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

      [11] Bland, M. (1998) Communicating out of a crisis, Basingstoke, Macmillan Business.

      [12] Burnett, J. J. (1998). A strategic approach to managing crises. Public Relations Review, 24 (4), 1-7.

      [13] Cabur, T. (2010). Crisis communication response analysis: Air France flight AF447 crash. American School of Public Communication. Retrieved from http://www.american.edu/soc/communication/upload/Cabur2010.pdf.

      [14] Cambel, Ali B. "Applied chaos theory-A paradigm for complexity." Applied chaos theory-A paradigm for complexity Academic Press, Inc., 264 p. 1 (1993).

      [15] Chen, J. C., Lin, S. C., & Vincent, F. Y. (2017). Structuring an effective human error intervention strategy selection model for commercial aviation. Journal of Air Transport Management, 60, 65-75.

      [16] Chicago Convention 1972

      [17] CNN, (2014, July 27) available at http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/27/world/03/27/asia/china-malaysia-mh370-diplomacy-flocruz

      [18] Cui, Q., & Li, Y. (2015). The change trend and influencing factors of civil aviation safety efficiency: the case of Chinese airline companies. Safety Science, 75, 56-63.

      [19] David Fickling and Kyunghee Park ‘Malaysia Air Faces Cancellations After Twin After’ Bloomberg Business, 29 July 29, 2014

      [20] David McEntire, ‘The Status of Emergency Management Theory: Issues, Barriers and Recommendation for Improved Scholarship’, FEMA Higher Education Conference June 8, 2004, Emmitsburg, MD

      [21] DCA, (2014), Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) Gen 1.7, available at Department of Civil Aviation Malaysia at www.dca.gov.my

      [22] Department of Civil Aviation (2008). Safety Management System 2008. Kuala Lumpur: Author. Retrieved from http://aip.dca.gov.my/aip%20pdf%20new/AIC/AIC%20200806.pdf

      [23] Edward, J. (2016, April 6). Faulty aircraft, unpaid salaries ground Rayani Air. Malay Mail Online. Retrieved from http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/faulty-aircraft-unpaid-salaries-ground-rayani-air

      [24] ents/Doc.9859.3rd%20Edition.alltext.en.pdf

      [25] Esipov, Y.V. (2003). Concept of the risk evaluation possibilities in complex system. Automation and Remote Control, 6 (7), 5-12.

      [26] Federal Aviation Administration. (2015). The U.S. State Safety Program (Version 1.0). Washington D.C: National Transportation Safety Board.

      [27] Federal Emergency Management Agency of United States, Integrated Emergency Management System (2010)

      [28] Fickling, D., & Park, K. (2014, July 29). Malaysia air faces cancellations after twin after. Bloomberg Business.

      [29] Fitzpatrick, G. J., Hunt, J. W., & Irvine, M.R. (2013).The United States. In Gates, S. (Ed.), The Aviation Law Review (pp 392 – 414). Lancaster, London: United Kingdom.

      [30] Frank Fiedrich (2013). Integrated Emergency Management System (2013) Encyclopaedia of Natural Hazards.

      [31] Gaurav Raghuvanshi, (2014, March 8). Malaysia Airlines meet the highest safety standard. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/malaysia-air-has-excellent-safety-record-experts-1394262647

      [32] Gonzalez-Herrero, A., & Pratt, C. B. (1998) Marketing crises in tourism: Communication strategies in the United States and Spain, Public Relations Review, 24(1), 83–97.

      [33] Goodsell, C. T. (2002). Insights for public administration from the terrorist attacks. Administration & Society, 34, 255-260. Retrieved from aas.sagepub.com/content/34/3/255.full.pdf

      [34] Hampton, J. J. (2009) Fundamentals of enterprise risk management - how top companies assess risk, manage exposure, and seize the opportunity. New York: American Management Association.

      [35] Hashini Kavishtri Kannan (2016, April 11). Rayani Air suspended for three months effective today. New Straits Times Online. Retrieved from http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/04/138553/rayani-air-suspended-three-months-effective-today

      [36] Helber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping matures resorts for new markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management principles and practice (pp.105-113). Chichester, England: John Wiley

      [37] Hounsell, G. (2015) IATA Operational Safety Audit Report 2015. Retrieved from http://www.icao.int/meetings/wrdss2011/documents/developmentforum2008/hounsell.pdf

      [38] Huang Jiefang. (2008). Aviation safety, ICAO and obligation or ergaomnes. Chinese Journal of International Law (2009), Vol. 8, No. 1, 63–79

      [39] Huang Jiefang. (2009). Aviation safety through the rule of law: ICAO's mechanisms and practices. Kluwer Law International: United States.

      [40] Huan-Jyh Shyur. (2008). A qualitative model for aviation safety risk assessment. Computer and Industrial Engineering, 54, 34-44.

      [41] ICAO Safety (2018), SARPs – Standards and Recommended Practices at https://www.icao.int/safety/SafetyManagement/Pages/SARPs.aspx (accessed May 2018)

      [42] ICAO, (2006) Annex 12, International Civil Aviation website at http://www.icao.int (accessed 2014, July 22)

      [43] International Air Transport Association. (2016) International Air Transport Association Response to the Dutch Safety Board’s Recommendation on the crash of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17. Geneva: Switzerland. Author. Retrieved from https://www.houseofrepresentatives.nl/sites/default/files/ato

      [44] International Civil Aviation Organization (2013). ICAO Safety Management Manual Third Edition 2013. Montreal, Quebec: Author. Retrieved from https://www.icao.int/safety/SafetyManagement/Docum

      [45] Iordache, V. M., & Balan, C. V. (2016). Safety Culture in Modern Aviation Systems-Civil and Military. INCAS Bulletin, 8(2), 135.

      [46] Ira Kalb, ‘Asiana Airlines Needs Serious Help with Crisis Management’ Business Insider. (22 July 2013)

      [47] James, E. (2010) Leadership as (Un)usual: How to Display Competence In Times of Crisis "Leadership Preview, Retrieved 2010-06-22.

      [48] Janic, M. (2000). An assessment of risk and safety in civil aviation. Journal of Air Transport Management, 6(1), 43-50.

      [49] Janic, M., & Netjasov, F. (2008). A review of research on risk and safety modelling in civil aviation. Journal of Air Transport Management, 14, 213-220.

      [50] Kalb, I. (2013). Asiana Airlines needs serious help with crisis management. Business Insider. Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/asiana-airlines-accident-response-continues-to-be-just-plane-stupid-2013-7?IR=T&

      [51] Kenneth R. Hoover, The Elements of Social Scientific Thinking 5th Ed. (New York: St Martin’s Press) 1992, 32

      [52] Kiel, L. Douglas. "Chaos theory and disaster response management: lessons for managing periods of extreme instability." What disaster management can learn from chaos theory (1995): 18-19.

      [53] Kim, D. H. (2016). A research into the reactive safety action program for promoting aviation safety culture. 대한ì¸ê°„공학회지, 35(3), 165-173.

      [54] Lagadec, P. (1993) Preventing Chaos in A Crisis: Strategies For Prevention, Control And Damage Limitation, London, McGraw-Hill.

      [55] Lee, W. K. (2006). Risk assessment modelling in aviation safety management. Journal of Air Transport Management, 12(5), 267-273.

      [56] Levinson Jay and Hayim Granot. Transportation Disaster Response Handbook. Academic Press, 2002.

      [57] Levitt, A. M. (1997) Disaster Planning and Recovery, Chichester, Wiley.

      [58] Levy, M (March 25, 2014), Missing Malaysia Airlines plane: relatives told by text. The Sydney Morning Herald. Viewed 3 September 2014, http://www.smh.com.au/world/ missing-malaysia-airlines-plane-relatives-told-by-text-20140325-hvmex.html

      [59] Maurino, D. E., Reason, J., Johnston, N., & Lee, R. B. (2017). Beyond aviation human factors: Safety in high technology systems. Routledge.

      [60] Meszaros, J. (2016, May 5). The rise and rise of the region’s low-cost airlines. Southeast Asia Globe. Retrieved from http://sea-globe.com/low-cost-airlines-southeast-asia/

      [61] Michael Milde (2001), “Aviation Safety Oversight: Audits and the Law†XXVI Ann Air & Sp L 165 at 168

      [62] Michael Milde (2008), International Air Law and ICAO in Marietta Benkö, ed, Essential Air and Space Law, vol 4 (Utrecht: Eleven International Publishing, 2008) at 17

      [63] Ministry of Transport, (2014, July 20), Press Release, Malaysia Re-Elected n the Council of International Civil ms/files/2617_001_final_submisison_to_dsb.pdf

      [64] Nel, P. (2014, December). The two Malaysia airlines disasters in 2014: lessons for airline management in a global context. Paper presented at Proceedings of World Business, Finance and Management Conference Auckland, New Zealand.

      [65] New York, Office of Emergency Response. (2008). Aircraft emergency disaster plan, Monroe County comprehensive emergency management plan. Retrieved from https://www2.monroecounty.gov/files/ps/oem/Aircraft%20Emerg.%20Dis.%20Plan%20(Off-Site%20of%20GRIA)(1).pdf.

      [66] Ochieng, W. Y., Sauer, K., Walsh, D., Brodin, G., Griffin, S., & Denney, M. (2003). GPS integrity and potential impact on aviation safety. The Journal of Navigation, 56(01), 51-65.

      [67] Ostrowski, K. A., Valha, D., & Ostrowski, K. E. (2014). USAF Aviation Safety Program: Gap Analysis Using ICAO Safety Management Guidance. Professional Safety, 59(07), 26-32.

      [68] Patrick T.Kelly (2002) The Use of Integrated Emergency Management System in Emergency Operation Activity, Executive Analysis of Fire Service Operations in Emergency Management https://www.usfa.fema.gov/pdf/efop/efo34965.pdf

      [69] Pauchant, T. C., &Mitroff, I. I. (1992) Transforming the Crisis-Prone Organisation: Preventing Individual, Organisational and Environmental Tragedies, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass.

      [70] Paul Stephen Dempsey (2008) Public International Air Law (Montreal: McGill University, Institute and Center for Research in Air & Space Law, 2008) at 49

      [71] Peterson, S. (2015, March 9). What is IOSA, why it is important and who has it? The West Australian. Retrieved from http://www.airlineratings.com/news/452/what-is-iosa-why-is-it-important-and-who-has-it

      [72] Post, Simon Denyer (2017). "Search For Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 Finally Called Off With Mystery Unsolved." The Washington NDTV.com. N.P., 17 Jan. 2017. <http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/search-for-malaysia-airlines-flight-370-finally-called-off-with-mystery-unsolved-1649793>.

      [73] Quarantelli, E. L. (Ed.). (1998). What is a disaster? Perspectives on the question. London: Routledge

      [74] Reporting Incidents in Civil Aviation. Retrieved on April 17, 2015, from http://www.ais-netherlands.nl/aim/120712-120823/eAIP/html/EH-10-02-B

      [75] Reuters. "Australia Says Suspended MH370 Search Could Resume In Future." NDTV.com. N.P., 17 Jan. 2017. <http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/australia-says-suspended-mh370-search-could-resume-in-future-1649995>.

      [76] Rosenthal, U. (2003). September 11: Public administration and the study of crises and crisis management. Administration & Society. 35:1. Retrieved from aas.sagepub.com/content/35/2/129.full.pdf

      [77] Safety Management Manual (SMM) ICAO 2013

      [78] Sage, A.P., White, E.B., 1980. Methodologies for risk and hazard assessment: a survey and status report. IEEE Transaction on System, Man, and Cybernetics SMC-10, 425-441.

      [79] SCMP, (2014, August 22), MH370 communications disaster lays bare Malaysia's incompetence available at http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1459099/mh370-communications-disaster-lays-bare-malaysias?page=all

      [80] Shrivastava, P. Mitroff, I.I., Miller, D. and A. Miglani, (1888) Understanding Industrial Crises, Journal of Management Studies, 1988, 25, 4, 285-304.

      [81] Sigda, J.M. (2015). FAA releases final safety management system rule. Retrieved March 15, 2017, from http://condonlaw.com/2015/01/jane-sigda/#

      [82] Soekkha, H. M. (Ed.). (1997). Aviation safety: human factors, system engineering, flight operations, economics, strategies, management. Netherlands: VSP.

      [83] Stephens, K. K. and Malone, P. C. (2009). If the Organizations Won't Give Us Information...: The Use of Multiple New Media for Crisis Technical Translation and Dialogue. Journal of Public Relations Research, 21(2), 229-239.

      [84] Stolzer, A. J., Halford, M. C. D., & Goglia, M. J. J. (2015). Safety management systems in aviation. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.

      [85] Tamara Cabur, ‘Crisis Communication Response Analysis: Air France Flight AF447’ Crash American School of Public Communication (2010)

      [86] The Malaysian Insider (2014, 22 April), Malaysian officials poor communicators, or incompetent, says US official, available at http://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/mh370-malaysian-officials-poor-communicators-or-incompetent

      [87] U.S Department of Transportation (2015).U.S Air Carriers. Retrieved 26 May 2016, from https://www.transportation.gov/policy/aviation-policy/licensing/US-carriers

      [88] U.S Government Accountability Office, (2015) Aviation safety: Proposal to enhance aircraft tracking and flight data recovery may aid accident investigation, but the challenge remains. Washington D.C: Author. Retrieved from https://www.gao.gov/assets/670/669720.pdf

      [89] Vick, S. (2002). Degrees of belief: subjective probability and engineering judgment. Reston, VA: ASCE Press.

      [90] Walter, A. & Buck, G (1996). Integrated Emergency Management. Responder, 3, 24-27, 49.

      [91] Zaiton Hamin, Mohd Bahrin Othman and Zaharah Elias (2012) Mapping Disaster Risk Reduction in the Age of Uncertainty. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences <http://versys.uitm.edu.my/prisma/view/viewPdf.php?pid=15697>

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Hafiza Zainudin, A., Akhmal Hasmin, N., Waseem Dhihny, A., & Mohd Shah, R. (2018). Aviation Safety Management: Minimizing the Deleterious Effect of an Aviation Disaster. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4.25), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.25.22245

    Received date: 2018-11-29

    Accepted date: 2018-11-29

    Published date: 2018-11-30