Social Support as A Moderator of the Relationship between Work Family Conflict and Family Satisfaction

  • Authors

    • Zaleha Zalam
    • R Zirwatul Aida R (PhD) Ibrahim
    • Azlina Abu (PhD) Bakar
    • Mazidah Mohd (PhD) Dagang
    2018-11-30
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.28.22567
  • The issue of psychological distress is a particular concern for many people, especially workers. However, this issue has not received the attention it deserves. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between psychosocial work environment (job control and job demand) and its role in predicting psychological distress (depression, anxiety and stress). A questionnaire survey approach was used as a method of quantitative data collection involving 148 teachers from Kelantan, East Coast of Malaysia. The results revealed a significant correlation between the psychosocial work environment and psychological distress. Multiple regression results also indicated that job control and job demands explained 13%, F (2,145) = 5.37, p <0.01 and 14%, F (2,145) = 3.52, p <0.05 of the variance in teachers’ anxiety and stress, respectively. The results are expected to contribute to the workers and organisations to identify risk potentials and protective factors as guidelines in developing a strategic plan to improve the health of workers.

  • References

    1. [1] Makhbul, Z. M., & Khairuddin, S. M. H. H. S. (2014). The effect of occupational stressors on health and individual productivity. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 48(1), 117-131.

      [2] Wu, H., Ge, C. X., Sun, W., Wang, J. N., & Wang, L. (2011). Depressive symptoms and occupational stress among Chinese female nurses: the mediating effects of social support and rational coping. Research in nursing & health, 34(5), 401-407.

      [3] Renzulli, L. A., Parrott, H. M., & Beattie, I. R. (2011). Racial mismatch and school type teacher satisfaction and retention in charter and traditional public schools. Sociology of Education, 84(1), 23-48.

      [4] Burke, R. J., Koyuncu, M., & Wolpin, J. (2012). Work-family conflict, satisfactions and psychological well-being among women managers and professionals in Turkey. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 27(3), 202-213.

      [5] Clarkson, G. P., & Hodgkinson, G. P. (2007). What can occupational stress diaries achieve that questionnaires can't? Personnel Review, 36(5), 684-700.

      [6] Barlow, D. H., & Durand, V. M. (2011). Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach: Nelson Education.

      [7] Humphris, G., Blinkhorn, A., Freeman, R., Gorter, R., Hoadâ€Reddick, G., Murtomaa, H., . . . Splieth, C. (2002). Psychological stress in undergraduate dental students: baseline results from seven European dental schools. European journal of dental education, 6(1), 22-29.

      [8] Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal and Coping. New York: Springer.

      [9] De Simone, S., Cicotto, G., & Lampis, J. (2016). Occupational stress, job satisfaction and physical health in teachers. Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée/European Review of Applied Psychology, 66(2), 65-77.

      [10] Suriani, L. (2016). Kesihatan mental pekerja sumbang produktiviti organisasi, Utusan Melayu. Retrieved from http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/nasional/kesihatan-mental-pekerja-sumbang-produktiviti-organisasi-1.380364

      [11] Parlimen. (2012). 530 Guru Dikenalpasti Bardepan Masalah Mental, Utusan Melayu. Retrieved from http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/Parlimen/20121213/pa_03/530-guru-dikenal-pasti-berdepan-masalah-mental

      [12] Ummi Kalsom, Z. (2014). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tekanan kerja dalam kalangan guru sekolah menengah Daerah Hulu Terengganu, Terengganu Darul Iman. Universiti Utara Malaysia.

      [13] Ibrahim, S. S., & Sani, M. (2012). Standard kompetensi guru Malaysia. Paper presented at the Prosiding Seminar Kebangsaan Majlis Dekan Pendidikan IPTA 2012. .

      [14] Khan, F. Z. F., & Bakar, S. N. A. (Cartographer). (20 April 2015). Sistem digital, guru terseksa? Retrieved from http://www.sinarharian.com.my/wawancara/sistem-digital-guru-terseksa-1.381496

      [15] Zaman, K. K. (2016). Penyakit Murung Bebankan Kehidupan. Kosmo Online., My Kosmo. Retrieved from http://www.kosmo.com.my/kosmo/content.asp?y=2016&dt=0130&pub=kosmo&sec=rencana_utama&pg=ru_01.h

      [16] Karasek, R. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative science quarterly, 285-308.

      [17] Van Droogenbroeck, F., & Spruyt, B. (2015). Do teachers have worse mental health? Review of the existing comparative research and results from the Belgian Health Interview Survey. Teaching and Teacher Education, 51, 88-100.

      [18] Jain, A. K., & Sinha, A. K. (2005). General Health in Organizations: Relative Relevance of Emotional Intelligence, Trust, and Organizational Support. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(3), 257-273.

      [19] Edimansyah, A. (2008). Assessing And Managing Risk Of Occupational Stress In Male Automotive Assembly Workers In Malaysia. Universiti Sains Malaysia.

      [20] Noor, N. M., Yacob, M. A., Daud, A., Zahiruddin, W. M., & Mohammad, W. (2011). Stress and salivary biomarker among assistant medical officers in Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Kelantan and Terengganu, Malaysia. Public Health, 3(8), 634-643.

      [21] Yakub, N. W., & Mohd Sidik, S. (2014). Prevalence and contributing factors of job strain among crane operators in a port container terminal in Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 10(2), 39-46.

      [22] Oei, T. P., Sawang, S., Goh, Y. W., & Mukhtar, F. (2013). Using the depression anxiety stress scale 21 (DASS-21) across cultures. International Journal of Psychology, 48(6), 1018-1029.

      [23] Siegrist, J., & Marmot, M. (2004). Health inequalities and the psychosocial environment—two scientific challenges. Social science & medicine, 58(8), 1463-1473.

      [24] Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of managerial psychology, 22(3), 309-328.

      [25] Willemse, B. M., de Jonge, J., Smit, D., Depla, M. F., & Pot, A. M. (2012). The moderating role of decision authority and coworker-and supervisor support on the impact of job demands in nursing homes: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 49(7), 822-833.

      [26] De Croon, E. M., Sluiter, J. K., Blonk, R. W., Broersen, J. P., & Frings-Dresen, M. H. (2004). Stressful work, psychological job strain, and turnover: a 2-year prospective cohort study of truck drivers. Journal of applied psychology, 89(3), 442.

      [27] Dammeyer, M. M., & Nunez, N. (1999). Anxiety and depression among law students: Current knowledge and future directions. Law and Human Behavior, 23(1), 55-73.

      [28] Humphris, G., Jones, C., Skirrow, P., Griffiths, R. D., Ingleby, S., Eddleston, J., ... & Gager, M. (2004). Post-traumatic stress disorder-related symptoms in relatives of patients following intensive care. Intensive care medicine, 30(3), 456-460.

      [29] Wong, J. G., Cheung, E. P., Chan, K. K., Ma, K. K., & Wa Tang, S. (2006). Web-based survey of depression, anxiety and stress in first-year tertiary education students in Hong Kong. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(9), 777-782.

      [30] Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S.-L., . . . Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological medicine, 32(06), 959-976.

      [31] Dyrbye, L. N., Thomas, M. R., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2006). Systematic review of depression, anxiety, and other indicators of psychological distress among US and Canadian medical students. Academic Medicine, 81(4), 354-373.

      [32] Jorm, A. F., Christensen, H., & Griffiths, K. M. (2006). Changes in depression awareness and attitudes in Australia: the impact of beyondblue: the national depression initiative. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(1), 42-46.

      [33] Morrison, E. W. & Robinson, S. L. (1995). Psychological contracts and OCB: The effect of unfulfilled obligations on civic virtue behavior. Journal of organizational behavior, 16(3), 289-298.

      [34] Today, P. (2015). Depressive Disorders, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/depressive-disorders

      [35] Zunker, V. (2008). Career, work, and mental health: Integrating career and personal counseling. Sage.

      [36] French, J. R., Caplan, R. D., & Van Harrison, R. (1982). The mechanisms of job stress and strain (Vol. 7): Chichester [Sussex]; New York: J. Wiley.

      [37] Marzuki, N. A., & Manaf, H. A. (2009). Persepsi kakitangan sektor awam terhadap faktro-faktor yang mempengaruhi prestasi organisai. Jurnal. Jurnal Psikologi Perkhidmatan Awam Malaysia, 4, 127-151.

      [38] Edimansyah, B. A., Rusli, B. N., Naing, L., Rusli, B. A. M., Than, W., & Ariff, B. R. H. T. M. (2008). Self-perceived depression, anxiety, stress and their relationships with psychosocial job factors in male automotive assembly workers. Industrial health, 46(1), 90-100.

      [39] Iennaco, J. D., Cullen, M. R., Cantley, L., Slade, M. D., Fiellin, M., & Kasl, S. V. (2009). Effects of externally rated job demand and control on depression diagnosis claims in an industrial cohort. American journal of epidemiology, 171(3), 303-311.

      [40] Boschman, J., Van der Molen, H., Sluiter, J., & Frings-Dresen, M. (2013). Psychosocial work environment and mental health among construction workers. Applied ergonomics, 44(5), 748-755.

      [41] Kitaokaâ€Higashiguchi, K., Nakagawa, H., Morikawa, Y., Ishizaki, M., Miura, K., Naruse, Y., . . . Sukigara, M. (2003). Social support and individual styles of coping in the Japanese workplace: an occupational stress model by structural equation analysis. Stress and Health, 19(1), 37-43.

      [42] Macklin, D. S., Smith, L. A., & Dollard, M. F. (2006). Public and private sector work stress: Workers compensation, levels of distress and job satisfaction, and the demand-control-support model. Australian Journal of Psychology, 58(3), 130-14

      [43] De Lange, A. H., Taris, T. W., Kompier, M. A., Houtman, I. L., & Bongers, P. M. (2003). " The very best of the millennium": longitudinal research and the demand-control-(support) model. Journal of occupational health psychology, 8(4), 282-305.

      [44] Karasek, R., & Theorell, T. (1992). Healthy work: stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. New

      [45] Karasek, R. A. (1985). Job content instrument: Questionnaire and user’s guide (Rev. 1.1). Los Angeles: University of Southern California.

      [46] Ibrahim, R. Z. A. R. (2012). Psychosocial work environment, organisational justice and work family conflict as predictors of Malaysian worker wellbeing. Victoria University, Melbourne Australia.

      [47] Musa, R., Fadzil, M. A., & Zain, Z. (2007). Translation, validation and psychometric properties of Bahasa Malaysia version of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS). ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 8(2), 82-89.

      [48] Siddiqui, F. A. (2013). Occupational stress in teachers: a comparative study of public and private schools in

      [49] Deasy, C., Coughlan, B., Pironom, J., Jourdan, D., & Mannix-McNamara, P. (2014). Psychological distress and coping amongst higher education students: A mixed method enquiry. European Educational Research Association., 9(12), 115-193.

      [50] Anbu, A. (2015). Professional Stress of Higher Secondary School Teachers. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(1), 10-12.

      [51] Wahed, W. Y. A., & Hassan, S. K. (2017). Prevalence and associated factors of stress, anxiety and depression among medical Fayoum University students. Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 53(1), 77-84.

      [52] Ceyhan, E., & Ceyhan, A. A. (2011). Loneliness and depression levels of students usıng a university counseling center. Education and Science, 36(160), 81-92.

      [53] Michael, K. D., Huelsman, T. J., Gerard, C., Gilligan, T. M., & Gustafson, M. R. (2006). Depression among college students: Trends in prevalence and treatment seeking. Counseling and Clinical Psychology Journal, 3(2), 60-70.

      [54] Nwimo, I. O., & Onwunaka, C. (2015). Stress among Secondary School Teachers in Ebonyi State, Nigeria: Suggested Interventions in the Worksite Milieu. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(26), 93-100.

      [55] Al Khatib, S. A. (2013). Satisfaction with life, Self-esteem, gender and marital status as predictors of depressive symptoms among United Arab Emirates college students. International Journal of Psychology and Counselling, 5(3), 53-61.

      [56] Talaei, A., Fayyazi, M. R., & Ardani, A. R. (2009). Depression and its correlation with self-esteem and social support among Iranian university students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 4(1), 17-22.

      [57] Esnard, T., & Mohammed, L. (2014). Socio-Demographic Background, Social Support and Depression Levels among Undergraduate Prospective Teachers in Trinidad and Tobago. Caribbean Journal of Psychology, 6(1), 21-42.

      [58] Honda, A., Abe, Y., Date, Y., & Honda, S. (2015). The impact of multiple roles on psychological distress among Japanese workers. Safety and health at work, 6(2), 114-119.

      [59] Cardozo, B. L., Crawford, C. G., Eriksson, C., Zhu, J., Sabin, M., Ager, A., . . . Kaiser, R. (2012). Psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and burnout among international humanitarian aid workers: a longitudinal study. PloS one, 7(9), e44948. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044948

      [60] Manjula, C. (2012). A study on personality factors causing stress among school teachers. M.Phil. Dissertation, Mother Teresa Women’s University, Kodaikanal, India.

      [61] Saijo, Y., Yoshioka, E., Kawanishi, Y., Nakagi, Y., Itoh, T., & Yoshida, T. (2016). Relationships of job demand, job control, and social support on intention to leave and depressive symptoms in Japanese nurses. Industrial health, 54(1), 32-41.

      [62] Johnston, D. W., & Lee, W.-S. (2013). Extra status and extra stress: Are promotions good for us? Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 66(1), 32-54.

      [63] Baraza, O. T., Simatwa, E. M. W., & Gogo, J. O. (2016). Levels of Stress among Secondary School Teachers and its

      [64] Ferguson, K., Frost, L., & Hall, D. (2012). Predicting teacher anxiety, depression, and job satisfaction. Journal of teaching and learning, 8(1), 27-42.

      [65] Gao, Y. Q., Pan, B. C., Sun, W., Wu, H., Wang, J. N., & Wang, L. (2012). Depressive symptoms among Chinese nurses: prevalence and the associated factors. Journal of advanced nursing, 68(5), 1166-1175.

      [66] Yoon, S. L., & Kim, J. H. (2013). Jobâ€Related Stress, Emotional Labor, and Depressive Symptoms Among Korean Nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 45(2), 169-176.

      [67] Yoshizawa, K., Sugawara, N., Yasui-Furukori, N., Danjo, K., Furukori, H., Sato, Y., . . . Sasaki, M. (2016). Relationship between occupational stress and depression among psychiatric nurses in Japan. Archives of environmental & occupational health, 71(1), 10-15.

      [68] Adams, T. B., Wharton, C. M., Quilter, L., & Hirsch, T. (2008). The association between mental health and acute infectious illness among a national sample of 18-to 24-year-old college students. Journal of American College Health, 56(6), 6

      [69] Horwitz, A. V. (2007). Distinguishing distress from disorder as psychological outcomes of stressful social arrangements. Health:, 11(3), 273-289.

      [70] Sami, A., Jusoh, A., Mahfar, M., Qureshi, M. I., & Khan, M. M. (2016). Role of Ethical Culture in Creating Public Value. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(4S).

      [71] Kessler, R. C., Amminger, G. P., Aguilarâ€Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Lee, S., & Ustun, T. B. (2007). Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature. Current opinion in psychiatry, 20(4), 359-364.

      [72] Donaghy, M. (2004). Symptoms and the perception of disease. Clinical medicine, 4(6), 541-544.

      [73] Chandavarkar, U., Azzam, A., & Mathews, C. A. (2007). Anxiety symptoms and perceived performance in medical students. Depression and anxiety, 24(2), 103-111.

      [74] Cuijpers, P., Smit, F., & Van Straten, A. (2007). Psychological treatments of subthreshold depression: a metaâ€analytic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 115(6), 434-441.

      [75] Garlow, S. J., Rosenberg, J., Moore, J. D., Haas, A. P., Koestner, B., Hendin, H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2008). Depression, desperation, and suicidal ideation in college students: results from the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention College Screening Project at Emory University. Depression and anxiety, 25(6), 482-488.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Zalam, Z., Ibrahim, R. Z. A. R. (PhD), Bakar, A. A. (PhD), & Dagang, M. M. (PhD). (2018). Social Support as A Moderator of the Relationship between Work Family Conflict and Family Satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4.28), 133-138. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.28.22567