Flow Experience as a Mediator between Antecedents and Extra-Role Performance among Hotel Employees in Sarawak, alaysia

  • Authors

    • Mark Kasa
    • Zaiton Hassan
    • Jackelyn Ng
    2018-11-30
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.28.22573
  • Abstract

    Employees who go beyond their job description are regarded as highly prized employees by organizations. This extra-role performance is often seen as a key indicator of whether employees are performing well in their job. Past studies linked engagement to be positively related to job performance, yet there are a limited number of studies on flow and performance, particularly on extra-role performance. This study was conducted on 290 hotel employees in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia to examine the correlation between flow experience and extra-role performance. In addition, this study also looked into flow as the mediator between the antecedents (job demand and job resources) and extra-role performance. The study hypothesized that flow experience is instrumental in employees’ extra-role performance. The results of the study suggested that flow correlated with the employees’ directional behaviour at work and flow mediates the correlation between job resources and extra-role performance. It was also discovered that flow did not mediate the correlation between job demand and extra-role performance. The findings indicated the benefits and practicality of flow experience on the employees’ extra-role performance and also the pros of retrospective flow experience.

  • References

    1. [1] Tsaur S, Lin Y. Promoting service quality in tourist hotels: the role of HRM practices and service behavior. Tour Manag. 2004;25(4):471–81.

      [2] Schneider B, Bowen DE. Employee and customer perceptions ofservice in banks: Replication and extension. J Appl Psychol 70(3), 423–433. 1985;70(3):423–33.

      [3] Motowidlo SJ, Van Scotter JR. Evidence that task performance should be distinguished from contextual performance. J Appl Psychol. 1994;79:475– 480.

      [4] Moorman RH, Niehoff BP, Organ DW. Treating employees fairly and organizational citizenship behavior: Sorting the effects of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and procedural justice. Empl Responsib Rights J. 1993;6:209–225.

      [5] Organ DW. Organizational citizenship behavior. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books; 1988.

      [6] Hartline MD, Ferrell OC. The management of customer-contact service employees: an empirical investigation. J Mark. 1996;60:52–70.

      [7] Kelley SW, Hoffman K. An investigation of positive affect, prosocial behaviors and service quality. J Retail. 1997;73(3):407–27.

      [8] Bakker AB, Demerouti E, De Boer E, Schaufeli WB. Job demands and job resources as predictors of absence duration and frequency. J Vocat Behav. 2003;(62):341–356.

      [9] Bakker AB, Demerouti E, Verbeke W. Using the job demands: resources model to predict burnout and performance. Hum Resour Manage. 2004;43:147–54.

      [10] Hockey GJ. Compensatory control in the regulation of human performance under stress and high workload: A cognitive – energetical framework. Biol Psychol. 1997;45:73–93.

      [11] Demerouti E, Bakker A, Nachreiner F, Schaufeli W. The job demands-resources model of burnout. J Appl Psychol. 2001;86(3):499–512.

      [12] Edwards JR. An examination of competing versions of the person-environment fit approach to stress. Acad Manag J. 1996;39(2):292–339.

      [13] Karasek RA. Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job design. Adm Sci Q. 1979;24:285–308.

      [14] Demerouti E. Job resources, work-related flow and performance. J Occup Health Psychol. 2006;11(3):266–80.

      [15] Csikszentmihalyi M. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York: Harper and Row; 1990.

      [16] Ghani JA, Deshpande SP. Task characteristics and the experience of optimal flow in human computer interaction. J Psychol. 1994;128:381–391.

      [17] Seligman M, Csikszentmihalyi M. Flow. In: Positive psychology: An introduction. Springer, Netherlands; 2014. p. 279–98.

      [18] Clarke SG, Haworth JT. Flow experience in the lives of six-form college students. Br J Psychol. 1994;(85):511–523.

      [19] Ellis GD, Voelkl JE, Morris C. Measurements and analysis issues with explanation of variance in daily experience using the Flow model. J Leis Res. 1994;26:337–356.

      [20] Bakker AB. Flow among music teachers and their students: The crossover of peak experiences. J Vocat Behav. 2005;66:26–44.

      [21] Csikszentmihalyi, M. Abuhamdeh S, Nakamura J. Flow. In: Elliot AJ, Dweck CS, editors. Handbook of competence and motivation. New York: Guilford Publications, Inc.; 2005. p. 598–608.

      [22] Schüler J. Arousal of Flow Experience in a Learning Setting and Its Effects on Exam Performance and Affect. Zeitschrift Für Pädagogische Psychol. 2007;21(3/4):217–27.

      [23] Fullagar CJ, Kelloway EK. Flow at work: An experience sampling approach. J Occup Organ Psychol. 2009;82:595–615.

      [24] Kasa M, Hassan Z. Antecedent and consequences of flow: Lessons for developing human resources. Procedia - Soc Behav Sci. 2013;97:209–13.

      [25] Riketta M. Attitudinal organizational commitment and job performance: a metaâ€analysis. J Organ Behav. 2002;23(3):257–66.

      [26] Bakker AB, Demerouti E. Towards a model of work engagement. Career Dev Int. 2008;13:209–30.

      [27] Salanova M, Agut S, Peiro JM. Linking organizational resources and work engagement to employee performance and customer loyalty: the mediation of service climate. J Appl Psychol. 2005;90(6):1217.

      [28] Seeley TA. The impact of followship dimensions on affective commitment and in-role and extra-role performance. Diss Abstr Int Sect B Sci Eng. 2007;68:662.

      [29] Csikszentmihalyi M. Good Business, Leadership, flow, and the making of meaning. USA: Penguin Books; 2003.

      [30] Hakanen JJ, Bakker AB, Schaufeli W. Burnout and work engagement among teachers. J Sch Psychol. 2006;43:495–513.

      [31] Schaufeli WB, Bakker AB. Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi-sample study. J Organ Behav. 2004;25:293–315.

      [32] Kaiser HF. An Index of Factorial Simplicity. Psychometrika. 1974;39:31–6.

      [33] Preacher KJ, Hayes AF. SPSS and SAS Procedures for estimating indirect effect in simple mediation models. Behav Res Methods, Instruments, Comput A J Psychon Soc Inc. 2004;36(4):717–31.

      [34] Mackinnon DP, Fairchild AJ, Fritz MS. Mediation analysis. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:593–614.

      [35] Rich B, Lepine J, Crawford E. Job Engagement: Antecedents and Effects on Job performance. Acad Manag J. 2010;53(3):617–35.

      [36] Cropanzano R, Wright TA. When a “happy†worker is really a “productive†worker: A review and further refinement of the happy-productive worker thesis. Consult Psychol J Pract Res. 2001;53 (3)(18).

      [37] Ng GC, Tay A. Does work engagement mediate the relationship between job resources and job performance of employees? African J Bus Manag. 2010;4(9):1837–43.

      [38] Karatepe OM. Procedural justice, work engagement, and job outcomes: evidence from Nigeria. J Hosp Mark Manag. 2011;20(8):855–78.

      [39] Kim HJ, Shin KH, Swanger N. Burnout and engagement: a comparative analysis using the Big Five personality dimensions. Int J Hosp Manag. 2009;28(1):96–104.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Kasa, M., Hassan, Z., & Ng, J. (2018). Flow Experience as a Mediator between Antecedents and Extra-Role Performance among Hotel Employees in Sarawak, alaysia. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4.28), 168-171. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.28.22573

    Received date: 2018-11-30

    Accepted date: 2018-11-30

    Published date: 2018-11-30