Globalisation and Gender Equality in Education: Government and NGO’s Roles in Empowering Women

  • Authors

    • Elni Jeini Usoh
    • Daniel Adolf Ohyver
    • Ahmad Puad Mat Som
    • Norsuhaily Abu Bakar
    2018-12-13
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.34.23843
  • Education, Gender Equality, Globalisation, Women’s Empowerment
  • One of the remarkable advantages of globalisation is people having more access to adequate education, both for formal and informal. Although education is not shared evenly all over the world, through globalisation, there is an awakening process when most countries realise that education is not only a crucial factor in developing human resources, but also essential for economic improvement and technology expansion. Education is a primary need and a fundamental right for everyone, yet many women still lack of education, which has the potential to enhance their lives, particularly to fight against poverty. This article will argue that education needs in rural areas in Indonesia are not being shared equally by both genders. The results show that globalised standards of education are falling short for female students due to several reasons, such as financial constraints and cultural preferences for males. Therefore, the roles of the government and NGOs are vitally important in empowering women, particularly in rural areas. This article also draws the ethnographic data from rural areas in Minahasa Regency in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. This article recommended that the government should enhance the access to all educational stages, improve the education quality and distribute more funds in education to implement the educational fees exemption program. It can be concluded that NGOs can play the important role in assisting the government strategies. The roles may be conducted by embarking on campaigns for education. It may lead to increasing number of education enrolment and enlarging the opportunity for children and women to attain sufficient education.

     

     


  • References

    1. [1] Kotilainen M & Kaitila V (2002), Economic globalisation in developing countries. Journal of Economic in Developing Countries, 70.

      [2] Held D & Mc Grew A (1999), Globalisation, entry for Oxford companion to politics. http://www.polity.co.uk/global/executive.htm.

      [3] Kivikkokangas R (2005), When was globalisation? From its history to Seattle. http://helsinki.fi/geography/development_geography/globalisation_history.pdf.

      [4] APEC (2006), Globalisation guide: What is globalisation? http://www.globalisationguide.org/01.html.

      [5] Sagar KV (2005), Globalisation of education. http://www.countercurrents.org/91.sagar230905.htm.

      [6] UNESCO (2003), Gender and education for all. The leap to equality. Summary Report, EFA Global Monitoring Report, UNESCO.

      [7] Royono R & Rahwidiati D (2013), Beating the odds: Locally relevant alternatives to world class universities. In D Suryadarma & GW Jones (Eds.), Education in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

      [8] Suryadarma D & Jones GW (2013), Education in Indonesia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

      [9] Robinsonâ€Pant A (2004), Education for women: Whose values count? Gender and Education Journal, 16(4), 473-489.

      [10] The Board of Family Planning and Family Prosperity (2004), Statistical Data Report of Minahasa Regency. BKKBN.

      [11] Central Bureau of Statistic (2013), Number of Students by Grade in Sulawesi Utara 2012/2013. High School Students. Central of Bureau of Statistic (Biro Pusat Statistik): Sulawesi Utara. http://sulut.bps.go.id/linkTabelStatis/view/id/48.

      [12] Munthe HM (2017), Phenomenon of women marginalization in poor family in Pakpak Community: A case study in Pegagan Julu Village, Sumbul Subdistrict, Dairi Regency, North Sumatra – Indonesia. Journal of Arts and Humanities, 6(6), 38-51.

      [13] Burn J & Evenhuis M. (2014), Just married, just a child: Child marriage in the Indo Pacific Region. Plan International Australia.

      [14] Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (2006), Woman and globalisation http://www.unescap.org/esia/GAD/publication/women-globalisation.pdf.

      [15] Cornor L (1988), Integration of women’s concerns into human resources development. In Background to an Integrated Plan of Action on Human Resources Development for ESCAP Region. (Bangkok, United Nations, ESCAP, 1988), pp. 194-229, esp. 208.

      [16] Gallaway JH & Bernasek A (2004), Literacy and women’s empowerment in Indonesia: Implications for policy. Journal of Economic Issues, 38(2), 519-525.

      [17] UNESCO (2015), The millennium development goals report 2015. United Nations.

      [18] Rumble L, Peterman A, Irdiana N, Triyana M, Minnick E (2018), An empirical exploration of female child marriage determinants in Indonesia. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1-13.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Jeini Usoh, E., Adolf Ohyver, D., Puad Mat Som, A., & Abu Bakar, N. (2018). Globalisation and Gender Equality in Education: Government and NGO’s Roles in Empowering Women. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4.34), 128-131. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.34.23843