Influence of Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) Pretreatment on Various Chemical Composition of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB)

  • Authors

    • Aqilah Mohd Tajuddin
    • Shuhaida Harun
    • Mohd Shaiful Sajab
    • Saiful Irwan Zubairi
    • Jamaliah Md Jahim
    • Masturah Markom
    • Mohd Tusirin Mohd Nor
    • Mohd Amrin Abdullah
    • Norhafizi Hashim
    2019-01-30
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v8i1.2.24913
  • Compositional analysis, DES, EFB, environmental factors, enzymatic hydrolysis

  • Abstract

    Chemical composition of empty fruit bunch (EFB) is an important chemical property that determines its utilization performance in bioconversion process. Various chemical compositions of EFB have been reported, and these differences in composition affects EFB utilization in terms of conversion and product yield. Complex structure and recalcitrant characteristic of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) also affects its utilization that leads to pretreatment system requirement. Pretreatment using deep eutectic solvent (DES), a group of ionic liquid (IL), has attracted scientific interest due to its exceptional ability in hemicellulose and lignin removal. This research determined the chemical composition of six native EFB sample collected in Malaysia, and identified composition difference among samples using t-test. The work further determined the influence of DES01 pretreatment on selected pretreated samples using enzymatic hydrolysis process. Chemical compositions of six native EFB samples, collected in Perak, Selangor and Negeri Sembilan in dry and wet seasons, were determined using National Renewable Laboratory Analysis (NREL) protocol. Enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated EFB samples were conducted following NREL protocol using Cellic CTec2 and Cellic HTec2 enzymes for 72 hours. The t-test analysis on structural carbohydrate (SC) content of native EFB showed Sg. Siput sample (SSD) in dry season and Bahau sample (BW) in wet season had statistically significant difference where native SSD contained the highest SC while native BW had the lowest. Enzymatic hydrolysis results of DES01 SSD and DES01 BW samples indicated the influence of DES01 pretreatment. DES01 SSD substrate produced higher glucan and xylan conversion after 72 hours of hydrolysis with 92.40% and 68.71% respectively compared to the DES01 BW sample with 75.82% and 18.78% only. This could be correlated with higher glucan and lower lignin contents in However, the different composition of native EFB also affected the hydrolysis of pretreated EFB. The variable pressure scanning electron microscopy (VPSEM) analysis showed that EFB structures were destroyed by the hemicellulose and lignin removal after the pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis.

     

     

  • References

    1. [1] Amalina N, Abdul S, Zulkafly SA, Zulaikha U & Jaman K (2018), Characteristics analysis of bio - based silica extracted from sarawak palm oil waste. International Journal of Engineering & Technologhy, 7(3.18), 94–96.

      [2] Ibrahim SM, Badri KH & Hassan O (2012), A study on glycerolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber. Sains Malaysiana 41(12), 1579–1585.

      [3] Triwahyuni E, Hariyanti S, Dahnum D, Nurdin M & Abimanyu H (2015), Optimization of saccharification and fermentation process in bioethanol production from oil palm fronds. Procedia Chem. 16, 141–148. doi:10.1016/j.proche.2015.12.002.

      [4] Kristiani A, Effendi N, Aristiawan Y, Aulia F & Sudiyani Y (2015), Effect of combining chemical and irradiation pretreatment process to characteristic of oil palm’s empty fruit bunches as raw material for second generation bioethanol. Energy Procedia 68, 195–204. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.03.248.

      [5] Yang J, Kim JE, Kim HE, Yu JH, Cha YL & Kim KH (2017), Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of hydrothermally pretreated empty fruit bunches at high solids loadings by the synergism of hemicellulase and polyethylene glycol. Process Biochem., 58, 211–216. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2017.04.019.

      [6] Sugiharto YEC., Harimawan A, Kresnowati MTAP, Purwadi R, Mariyana R, Andry, Fitriana HN & Hosen HF (2016), Enzyme feeding strategies for better fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis of empty fruit bunch. Bioresour. Technol., 207, 175–179. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.113.

      [7] Palamae S, Dechatiwongse P, Choorit W, Chisti Y & Prasertsan, P (2017), Cellulose and hemicellulose recovery from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers and production of sugars from the fibers. Carbohydrate Polymers, 155.

      [8] Sudiyani Y, Styarini D, Triwahyuni E, Sudiyarmanto Sembiring KC, Aristiawan Y, Abimanyu H & Han MH (2013), Utilization of biomass waste empty fruit bunch fiber of palm oil for bioethanol production using pilot - Scale unit. Energy Procedia 32, 31–38. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.05.005.

      [9] Templeton DW, Sluiter AD, Hayward TK, Hames BR & Thomas SR (2009), Assessing corn stover composition and sources of variability via NIRS. Cellulose, 16(4), 621–639. doi:10.1007/s10570-009-9325-x

      [10] Arundale RA, Bauer S, Haffner FB, Mitchell VD, Voigt TB & Long SP (2015), Environment has little effect on biomass biochemical composition of miscanthus giganteus across soil types, nitrogen fertilization, and times of harvest. Bioenergy Research, 8(4), 1636–1646. doi:10.1007/s12155-015-9613-2

      [11] Rosli NS, Harun S, Md Jahim J & Othaman R (2017), Chemical and physical characterization of oil palm empty fruit bunch. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 21(1), 188–196.

      [12] Tan JP, Md. Jahim J, Wu TY, Harun S, Kim BH & Mohammad, AW (2014), Insight into biomass as a renewable carbon source for the production of succinic acid and the factors affecting the metabolic flux toward higher succinate yield. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 53(42), 16123–16134. doi:10.1021/ie502178j

      [13] Galbe M & Zacchi G (2007), Pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials for efficient bioethanol production. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, 108(July), 41–65. doi:10.1007/10_2007_070

      [14] Procentese A, Johnson E, Orr V, Garruto CA, Wood JA., Marzocchella A & Rehmann L (2015), Deep eutectic solvent pretreatment and subsequent saccharification of corncob. Bioresource Technology, 192, 31–36. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.05.053

      [15] Ghandi K (2014), A review of ionic liquids, their limits and applications. Green and Sustainable Chemistry 4(1), 44–53. doi:10.4236/gsc.2014.41008

      [16] Shill K, Padmanabhan S, Xin Q, Prausnitz JM, Clark DS & Blanch HW (2011), Ionic liquid pretreatment of cellulosic biomass: Enzymatic hydrolysis and ionic liquid recycle. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 108(3), 511–520. doi:10.1002/bit.23014

      [17] Remsing RC, Swatloski RP, Rogers RD & Moyna G (2006), Mechanism of cellulose dissolution in the ionic liquid 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: a 13C and 35/37Cl NMR relaxation study on model systems. Chemical Communications 12, 1271. doi:10.1039/b600586c

      [18] Fu D & Mazza G (2011), Aqueous ionic liquid pretreatment of straw. Bioresource Technology, 102(13), 7008–7011. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2011.04.049

      [19] Gräsvik J, Winestrand S, Normark M, Jönsson LJ & Mikkola, JP (2014), Evaluation of four ionic liquids for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. BMC Biotechnology, 14, 1–11. doi:10.1186/1472-6750-14-34

      [20] Kumar P, Barrett DM, Delwiche MJ & Stroeve P (2009), Methods for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for efficient hydrolysis and biofuel production. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 48(8), 3713–3729. doi:10.1021/ie801542g

      [21] Gorke J. T., Srienc F. & Kazlauskas R. J. (2008), Hydrolase-catalyzed biotransformations in deep eutectic solvents. Chemical Communications 10, 1235. doi:10.1039/b716317g

      [22] Xia S, Baker G, Li H, Ravula S & Zhao H (2014), Aqueous ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for cellulosic biomass pretreatment and saccharification. RSC advances, 4(21), 10586–10596. doi:10.1039/C3RA46149A.Aqueous

      [23] Zhao H, Zhang C & Crittle TD (2013), Choline-based deep eutectic solvents for enzymatic preparation of biodiesel from soybean oil. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 85–86, 243–247. doi:10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.09.003

      [24] Dom P & Mar D (2013), Recent trends in (ligno) cellulose dissolution using neoteric solvents : switchable, distillable and bio-based ionic liquids. July, doi:10.1002/jctb.4201

      [25] Hayyan M, Hashim MA, Hayyan A, Al-Saadi MA, AlNashef I M, Mirghani MES & Saheed OK (2013), Are deep eutectic solvents benign or toxic? Chemosphere, 90(7), 2193–2195. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.004

      [26] Dai Y, Van Spronsen J, Witkamp GJ, Verpoorte R & Choi YH (2013), Ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents in natural products research: Mixtures of solids as extraction solvents. Journal of Natural Products, 76(11), 2162–2173. doi:10.1021/np400051w

      [27] Lehmann C, Bocola M, Streit WR, Martinez R & Schwaneberg U (2014), Ionic liquid and deep eutectic solvent-activated CelA2 variants generated by directed evolution. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 98(12), 5775–5785. doi:10.1007/s00253-014-5771-y

      [28] Bayong Tjasyono (2004), Klimatologi umum / Bayong Tjasjono Klimatologi / Bayong Tjasyono. ITB. Retrieved from http://library.um.ac.id/free-contents/download/book/booksearch.php/cuaca dan iklim.pdf

      [29] Golijan J, Zivanovic L & Kolaric L (2017), Organic production of industrial crops in Serbia. Ratar. Povrt., 54(2), 68–72. doi:10.5937/ratpov54-13251

      [30] Ã…rhem K, “Environmental consequences of the palm oil industry in Malaysiaâ€, (2011), Unpublished BSc. Dissertation. Retrieved from http://www.natgeo.lu.se/ex-jobb/exj_216.pdf%5Cnpapers2://publication/uuid/E597E76F-FEF1-4E51-9D60-28B4CEDDA5E2

      [31] Bhattacharjee S, & Saha AK (2014), Plant water-stress response mechanisms. Approaches to Plant Stress and Their Management 149–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1620-9_8

      [32] Gall H, Philippe F, Domon JM, Gillet F, Pelloux J & Rayon C (2015), Cell wall metabolism in response to abiotic stress. Plants, 4(1), 112–166.

      [33] Christianson JA, Llewellyn DJ, Dennis ES & Wilson IW (2010), Global gene expression responses to waterlogging in roots and leaves of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Plant and Cell Physiology, 51(1), 21–37

      [34] Vitorino PG, Alves JD, Magalhaes PC, Magalhaes MM, Lima LCO & De Oliveira LEM (2001), Flooding tolerance and cell wall alterations in maize mesocotyl during hypoxia. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, 36(8), 1027–1035.

      [35] Ooume K, Inoue Y, Soga K, Wakabayashi K, Fujii S, Yamamoto R & Hoson T (2009). Cellular basis of growth suppression by submergence in azuki bean epicotyls. Annals of Botany, 103(2), pp. 325–332.

      [36] Marzukhi F, Elahami AL & Bohari SN (2016), Detecting nutrients deficiencies of oil palm trees using remotely sensed data. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental.

      [37] Sahapatsombut U, Rahong R & Jai-in S (n.d.), Oil Palm Plantation in Acid Soil at Rangsit Field. Slides, 30.

      [38] Rozieta R, Sahibin AR, & Wan Mohd RI (2015), Physico-chemical properties of soil at oil palm plantation area, Labu, Negeri Sembilan. doi:10.1063/1.4931216

      [39] Mutert E (1999), Suitability of soils for oil palm in Southeast Asia. Better Crops International, 13(1), 36–38. Retrieved from http://www.ipni.net/ppiweb/bcropint.nsf/$webindex/0E6C325D25A04F80852568F6005A0DC1/$file/i99-1p36.pdf

      [40] Rankie I, & Fairhurst TH (1999), Management of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in mature oil palm. Better Crops International 13(1), 10–15.

      [41] Jessop PG, Jessop DA, Fu D, Phan L, Jessop P & Jessop D. (2012), Green Chemistry Solvatochromic parameters for solvents of interest in green chemistry. 1245–1259.

      [42] Li T, Lyu G, Liu Y, Lou R, Lucia LA, Yang G & Saeed HAM (2017), Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for the isolation of willow lignin (salix matsudana cv. zhuliu). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18112266

      [43] van Osch DJLJ, Kollau A, van den Bruinhorst S, Asikainen MA, Rocha & Kroon MC (2017), Ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for lignocellulosic biomass fractionation. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics.

      [44] Cara C, Moya M, Ballesteros I, Negro MJ, González A & Ruiz E (2007), Influence of solid loading on enzymatic hydrolysis of steam exploded or liquid hot water pretreated olive tree biomass. Process Biochemistry, 42(6), 1003–1009. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2007.03.012

      [45] Peri S, Karra S, Lee YY & Karim MN (2007), Modeling intrinsic kinetics of enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis. Biotechnology Progress 23(3), 626–637. doi:10.1021/bp060322s

      [46] Nor NAM, Mustapha WAW & Hassan O (2016), Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) as a Pretreatment for Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) in Sugar Production. Procedia Chemistry 18(Mcls 2015), 147–154. doi:10.1016/j.proche.2016.01.023

      [47] Li WY, Teck NA, Gek CN & Adeline SMCh (2012), Regression analysis on ionic liquid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse and assessment of structural changes. Biomass Bioenergy, 36, 160–169.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Mohd Tajuddin, A., Harun, S., Shaiful Sajab, M., Irwan Zubairi, S., Md Jahim, J., Markom, M., Tusirin Mohd Nor, M., Amrin Abdullah, M., & Hashim, N. (2019). Influence of Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) Pretreatment on Various Chemical Composition of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB). International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 8(1.2), 266-274. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v8i1.2.24913

    Received date: 2018-12-28

    Accepted date: 2018-12-28

    Published date: 2019-01-30