Potential Utilization of Rubber Seed Meal as Feed and Food

  • Authors

    • Lukman Abiola Oluodo
    • Nurul Huda
    • Connie Fay Komilus
    2018-12-29
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.43.25821
  • Rubber seed, Feed, Food, Livestock.

  • Abstract

    Feed and food crisis has been a global concern due to its increasing prices. It led researchers to consider an alternative non-conventional edible material. This paper discussed the previous studies conducted on rubber seed as feed and food.  Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is a multipurpose tree; grown primarily for the production of latex with numerous useful by-products such as rubber seed, woods and oil. The rubber seed has a promising amount of crude protein, with the existence of a major toxic compound (cyanogenic compound) which has hindered the proper utilisation of the existing nutrient. The present review finds out the nutritional composition of the rubber seed to be moisture content was 3.99%, crude protein 23, crude fat 68.5 and ash 4.3 g/100g respectively. The amino acid in rubber seed was high in Glutamic acid (16.13%) and low in Cysteine (0.78%). Since, rubber seeds contained substantial amount proximate components, therefore it could be assumed as edible food and promising feed resource for livestock. Despite its promising protein contents, rubber seed meal contains cyanogens compound but this drawback could be overcome by boiling and storage time period which could lead to increase the nutrients availability and utilisation of rubber seed as edible feed and food.

     

  • References

    1. Abdullah, B. M. & Salimon, J. (2009) Physicochemical characteristics of Malaysian rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed oil. European Journal of Scientific Research 31(3), 437-445.

      [2] Alenius, H., Kalkkinen, N., Lukka, M., Reunala, T., Turjanmaa, K., Makinen Kiljunen, S., Yip, E. & Palosuo, T. (1995) Prohevein from the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is a major latex allergen. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 25(7), 659-665.

      [3] Joseph, R., Madhusoodhanan, K. N., Alex, R., Varghese, S., George, K. E. & Kuriakose, B. (2004) Studies on epoxidised rubber seed oil as secondary plasticiser/stabiliser for polyvinyl chloride. Plastics, Rubber and Composites 33(5), 217-222.

      [4] Yusup, S. & Khan, M. (2010) Basic properties of crude rubber seed oil and crude palm oil blend as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production with enhanced cold flow characteristics. Biomass and Bioenergy 34(10), 1523–1526

      [5] Nwokolo, E. & Smat (1996) African Yam Bean In: Harms in legumes and oil seeds in Nutrition. ed. Nwokolo and J. Smart, chapman and hall, London, 183 – 188.

      [6] Onoji, S. E., Iyuke, S. E., Igbafe, A. I. & Nkazi, D. B. (2016) Rubber seed oil: A potential renewable source of biodiesel for sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa. Energy Conversion and Management 110, 125–134

      [7] Atabani, A.E., Mofijur, M., Masjuki, H. H., Badruddin, I. A., Chong, W. T., Cheng, S. F. & Gouk, S. W. (2014) A study of production and characterization of Manketti (Ricinodendron rautonemii) methyl ester and its blends as a potential biodiesel feedstock. Biofuel Research Journal 1(4), 139-146.

      [8] Aguihe, P. C., Kehinde, A. S., Ospina-Rojas, C. I. & Murakami, A. E. (2017) Evaluation of Processing Methods of Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) Seed Meal for Use as a Feed Ingredient for Broiler Chickens. Journal of Poultry Research 14(1), 20-27.

      [9] Udo, M. D., Ekpo, U. & Ahamefule, F. O. (2016) Effects of processing on the nutrient composition of rubber seed meal. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 6, 1-5.

      [10] Stosic, D. D. & Kayka, J. M. (1981) Rubber seeds as animal feed in Liberia. World Animal Review 39(3), 29-31

      [11] Ecoport. (2009) Ecoport | Feedipedia. Retrieved August 12, 2018, from https://www.feedipedia.org/node/1635

      [12] Food and Agriculture Organisation Statistics (FAOSTAT). (2016) Factfish Natural rubber, area harvested world statistics and data. Retrieved May 12, 2018, from http://www.factfish.com/statistic/natural rubber%2C area harvested

      [13] Morshed, M., Ferdous, K., Khan, M. R., Mazumder, M. S. I., Islam, M. A. & Uddin, M. T. (2011) Rubber seed oil as a potential source for biodiesel production in Bangladesh. Fuel 90(10), 2981–2986.

      [14] Ng, W. P. Q., Lim, M. T., Mohamad Izhar, S. M. & Lam, H. L. S. (2014) Overview on economics and technology development of rubber seed utilisation in Southeast Asia. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 16(3), 439–453.

      [15] Atabani, A. E., Silitonga, A. S., Ong, H. C., Mahlia, T. M. I., Masjuki, H. H., Badruddin, I. A. & Fayaz, H. (2013) Non-edible vegetable oils: A critical evaluation of oil extraction, fatty acid compositions, biodiesel production, characteristics, engine performance and emissions production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 18, 211–245.

      [16] Zhu, Y., Xu, J., Li, Q. & Mortimer, P. E. (2014) Investigation of rubber seed yield in Xishuangbanna and estimation of rubber seed oil based biodiesel potential in Southeast Asia. Energy 69, 837–842

      17] Wadt, L. H. O., Kainer, K. A. & Gomes-Silva, D. A. P. (2005) Population structure and nut yield of a Bertholletia excelsa stand in Southwestern Amazonia. Forest Ecology and Management 211(3), 371–384.

      [18] Chanjula P. Siriwathananukul, Y. & Lawpetchara, A. (2010) Effect of Feeding Rubber Seed Kernel and Palm Kernel Cake in Combination on Nutrient Utilization, Rumen Fermentation Characteristics, and Microbial Populations in Goats Fed on Briachiaria humidicola Hay-based Diets. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 24(1), 73–81.

      [19] Eka, H. D., Tajul Aris, Y. & Wan Nadiah, W. A. (2010) Potential use of Malaysian rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed as food, feed and biofuel. International Food Research Journal 17, 527-534.

      [20] Ramadhas, A. S., Jayaraj, S. & Muraleedharan, C. (2008) Dual fuel mode operation in diesel engines using renewable fuels: Rubber seed oil and coir-pith producer gas. Renewable Energy 33(9), 2077–2083.

      [21] Abdulrazak, M. A., Najib, A., Lotfy Mahmud, A. W,, Zainol, E., Baskaran, K. & Zulkifli (2001) Review of Commercial Agroforestry in Malaysia. Unpublished Report

      [22] Asawatreratanakul, K., Zhang, Y. W., Wititsuwannakul, D., Wititsuwannakul, R., Takahashi, S., Rattanapittayaporn, A. & Koyama, T. (2003) Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of cDNA encoding cis-prenyltransferases from Hevea brasiliensis. European Journal of Biochemistry 270(23), 4671–4680.

      [23] Geo, V. E., Nagarajan, G. & Nagalingam, B. (2010) Studies on improving the performance of rubber seed oil fuel for diesel engine with DEE port injection. Fuel 89(11), 3559–3567.

      [24] Melvin Jose, D. F., Edwin Raj, R., Durga Prasad, B., Robert Kennedy, Z. & Mohammed, I. A. (2011) A multi-variant approach to optimize process parameters for biodiesel extraction from rubber seed oil. Applied Energy 88(6), 2056–2063.

      [25] Qiawen, C. (1999) Preliminary Research on the Chemical Compositions of Hevea brasiliensis and Its Comprehensive Utilizations. Journal of Central South Forestry Universith 4: 013.

      [26] Weiwei, L., Youyong, S., Wudi, Z., Shiqing, L. & Chaofeng, X. (2005) Preparation of biodiesel fuel with rubber seed oil. China Oils Fats 30 (10), 63-6.

      [27] Bionet-EAFRINET. (2018) Keys and Fact Sheets. Hevea brasiliensis (Rubber tree). https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Hevea_brasiliensis_(Rubbertree).htm. Retrieved 3rd August 2018.

      [28] Oyewusi, P. A., Akintayo, E. T. & Olaofe, O. (2007) The proximate and amino acid composition of defatted rubber seed meal. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment 5(3:4), 115.

      [29] Mmereole, F. U. C. (2008) The effects of replacing groundnut cake with rubber seed meal on the haematological and serological indices of broilers. International Journal of Poultry Science 7(6), 622-624.

      [30] Onwurah, I. N. E., Otitoju, O., Njoku, O. U., Okafor, F. C. & Obidiegwu, C. (2010) Nutritional value of rubber seed flour for poultry feed-stock, using adult insect Tribolium castaneum as a model. Archives of Applied Science Research 2(5), 422-428.

      [31] Sharma, B. B., Saha, R. K. & Saha, H. (2014) Effects of feeding detoxified rubber seed meal on growth performance and haematological indices of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings. Animal Feed Science and Technology 193, 84-92.

      [32] Hossain, E., Karim, M. H., Alam, S. & Nath, S. K. (2015) Nutritive value of Rubber seed (Hevea brasiliensis) 5(1), 18–21.

      [33] Suprayudi, M. A., Inara, C., Ekasari, J., Priyoutomo, N., Haga, Y., Takeuchi, T. & Satoh, S. (2015) Preliminary nutritional evaluation of rubber seed and defatted rubber seed meals as plant protein sources for common carp Cyprinus carpio L. juvenile diet. Aquaculture Research 46(12), 2972–2981.

      [34] Lalabe, B. C., Olusiyi, J. A. & Afolabi, K. D. (2017) Effects of Soaking on the Nutritive Value of Raw Full Fat Rubber (Hevea Brasiliensis) Seed. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment 13(2):78-82

      [35] Madubuike, F. N., Ekenyem, B. U. & Obih, T. K. O. (2006) Performance and cost evaluation of substituting rubber seed cake for groundnut cake in diets of growing pigs. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 5(1), 59-61.

      [36] Oyekunle, J. A. O. & Omode, A. A. (2008) Chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the lipid fractions of selected Nigerian indigenous oilseeds. International Journal of Food Properties 11(2), 273-281

      [37] Akintayo, E. & Bayer, E. (2002) Characterisation and some possible uses of Plukenetia conophora and Adenopus breviflorus seeds and seed oils. Bioresource Technology 85(1), 95–97.

      [38] Bujang, A. & Taib, N. A. (2014) Changes on amino acids content in soybean, garbanzo bean and groundnut during pre-treatments and tempe making. Sains Malaysiana 43(4), 551-557.

      [39] Thangaraj. P. (2016) Pharmacological assays of plant-based natural products. Springer.

      [40] Fortuna, D., Rahimsyah, A. & Puspitasari, Y. (2015) Degradation of Acid Cyanide Poison in Rubber Seed (Hevea brasiliensis) after Treatment with Rice Husk Ash, Advanced Science Engineering Information Technolog, 5(4), 291–293.

      [41] Njwe, R. M., Chifon, M. K. & Ntep, R. (1988) Potential of rubber seed as protein concentrate supplement for dwarf sheep of Cameroon. In Proceedings of the First Joint Workshop. Trypanotolerant livestock in West and Central Africa- (p. Volume 2). Malawi: FAO Corporate Document Respository. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ILRI/x5536E/x5536e0z.htm

      [42] Sarawakian Local Delights. (2016) Sarawakian Local Delights : Edible Rubber Seeds. Retrieved July 2, 2018, from http://sarawakianaii.blogspot.com/2009/12/are-rubber-seeds-edible.html

      [43] Okafor, P. N. & Anyanwu, N. O. (2006) Enzymatic and oven-drying method of processing rubber seeds for animal feed and the evaluation of the toxicity of such feed in rats. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 5(1), 45-48.

      [44] Batel, E., Geraf, M., Meyer, G. T., Moller, R., Schoedder, G., Cher, L. (2008) Chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the lipid fractions of selected Nigerian indigenous oilseeds. International Journal of Food Properties 11, 273-281.

      [45] Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee Report on Food Additive (JECFA) (1993). Cyanogenic glycosides. In: Toxicological Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Naturally Occurring Toxicants, 39th Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (WHO Food Additive Series 30). World Health Organization, Geneva.http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v30je18.htm.

      [46] Ukpebor, E., Akpaja, J. O., Ukpebor, E. E., Egharevba, E. O. & Efedue, E. (2007) Effect of the Edible Mushroom, Pleurotus tuberregium on the Cyanide Level and Nutritional Contents of Rubber Seed Cake. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 6(6), 534–537.

      [47] Ogunka-Nnoka, H. M. (2008) Proximate composition and antinutrient contents of some common spices in Nigeria. The Open Food Science Journal 2, 62–67.

      [48] Anya, M. I. (2012) Evaluation of African Yam Bean-Cassava Peel Meal Based Diets for Goat’s Production in South-Eastern Nigerian Ph. D., Thesis. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike.

      [49] Tuleun, C. D. & Igba, F. (2008) Growth and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed water soaked and cooked velvet bean (Mucuna utilis) meal. African Journal of Biotechnology 7(15).

      [50] Rahman, M. M,, Abdullah, R. B. & Wan Khadijah, W. E. (2013) A review of oxalate poisoning in domestic animals: Tolerance and performance aspects. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 97(4), 605–614.

      [51] Olomu, J. M. (1995) Monogastric Animal Nutrition. Principles and Practice. Jachen. Publ, Benin, Nigeriia.

      [52] Akinmutimi, A. H. (2007) Effect of cooking periods on the nutrient composition of velvet beans (Mucuna pruscens). In: Proceeding of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Nigeria Society for Animal production March 18th–21st. University of Calabar, Calabar, pp. 223–236

      [53] Saleh, B., Medugu, C. I., Igwebuike, J. U. & Ndirmbita, R. L. (2012) Strategies to Improve the Utilization of Tannin-Rich Feed Materials by Poultry. International Journal of Poultry Science 11(6), 417–423.

      [54] Ogundipe, S. O., Damang, P. J., Dafwang, I. I., Abu, E. A. (2008) Biochemical evaluation of raw and cooked African locust bean seeds (Parkia spp) for poultry feeding. In: Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference of the Animal Science Association of Nigeria (ASAN), 15th–19th Sept, 2008. ABU, Zaria, Nigeria, pp. 586–589.

      [55] Riguera, R. (1997) Isolating bioactive compounds from marine organisms. Journal of Marine Biotechnology 5, 187–193.

      [56] Yoshiki, Y., Kudou, S. & Okubo, K. (1998) Relationship between Chemical Structures and Biological Activities of Triterpenoid Saponins from Soybean. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 62(12), 2291–2299.

      [57] Siulapwa, N. & Mwambungu, A. (2015) Nutritional Value of Differently Processed Soybean Seeds. The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 52(1), 45–56

      [58] Brown, E. M. & Hebert, S. C. (1997) Calcium-receptor-regulated parathyroid and renal function. Bone 20(4), 303–9.

      [59] Ross, A. C. (2011) The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Public health Nutrition 14(5), 938-939

      [60] National Institute of Health (2007) Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Iron. Office of Dietary supplements. Downloaded from http://ods.od.nih.gov/ index.aspx on 28/07/2018.

      [61] FAO/WHO. (1991) Protein quality evaluation. Reports of a joint FAO/WHO expert Consultation. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

      [62] Yang, J. H., Lin, H. C. & Mau, J. L. (2001) Non-volatile taste components of several commercial mushrooms. Food Chemistry 72(4), 465–471.

      [63] Deng, J. M., Wang, Y., Chen, L. Q., Mai, K. S., Wang, Z. & Zhang, X. (2017) Effects of replacing plant proteins with rubber seed meal on growth, nutrient utilization and blood biochemical parameters of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus). Aquaculture Nutrition 23(1), 30–39

      [64] Lee, S. W. & Wendy, W. (2017) Malaysian rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed as alternative protein source for red hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis sp., farming. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation 10(1), 32-37.

      [65] Abdullah, B. M., Salimon, J., Yousif, E. & Salih, N. (2013) Occurrence of cyanogenic glycoside and cyanide in the Malaysian rubber seed oil. Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Basic and Applied Sciences 14(1), 83–86.

      [66] Deng, J., Mai, K., Chen, L., Mi, H. & Zhang, L. (2015) Effects of replacing soybean meal with rubber seed meal on growth, antioxidant capacity, non-specific immune response, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 44(2), 436–444.

      [67] Ong, H. K. & Yeong, S. W. (1982) Prospects for the use of rubber seed meal for feeding swine and poultry. In: D. Devendra and R.I. Hutagalung (Editors), Feeding Stuffs for Livestock in South East Asia. Malaysia Society for Animal Production, Malaysia, pp. 337-344.

      [66] Babatunde, G. M., Pond, W. G. & Peo. (1990) Nutritive value of Nigerian rubber seed (Hevea brasiliensis) meal and oil. IV. Effects of graded levels of rubber seed meal and oil on energy and nitrogen utilization by growing rats. Animal feed science and technology 31(3-4), 313-321

      [69] Igene, F. U. & Iboh, S. O. (2004) Growth performance and haematological responses of cockerel chicks fed diets containing different levels of rice offals as a replacement for wheat offals. Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria, pp. 20-22

      [70] Khatun, M. J., Karim, M. Z., Das, G. B. & Khan, M. K. I. (2015) Effect of the Replacement of Soybean Meal by Rubber Seed Meal on Growth, Economics and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science 5(4), 919-925

      [71] Miruka, H. M. & Rawnsley, S. K. (1997) Chemical, Biochemical and Haematological Reference in normal experimental animals. Mason, NY, 287-380.

      [72] Bostock. J., McAndrew, B., Richards, R., Jauncey, K., Telfer, T., Lorenzen, K. & Corner, R. (2010) Aquaculture: global status and trends. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 365(1554), 2897–912.

      [73] Fawole, F. J., Sahu, N. P., Jain, K. K., Gupta, S., Shamna, N., Phulia, V. & Prabu, D. L. (2016) Nutritional evaluation of protein isolate from rubber seed in the diet of Labeo rohita: Effects on growth performance, nutrient utilization, whole body composition and metabolic enzymes activity. Animal Feed Science and Technology 219, 189–199

      [74] Alegbeleye, W., Oresegun, A., Akegbejo-Samsons, Y. & Obasa, S. (2004) Replacement of groundnut cake with rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed cake in diets for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Aquatic Sciences 19(1), 27–31.

      [75] Devappa, R. K. & Swamylingappa, B. (2008) Biochemical and nutritional evaluation of Jatropha protein isolate prepared by steam injection heating for reduction of toxic and antinutritional factors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 88(5), 911–919.

      [76] Saetae, D. & Suntornsuk, W. (2010) Toxic Compound, Anti-Nutritional Factors and Functional Properties of Protein Isolated from Detoxified Jatropha curcas Seed Cake. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 12(1), 66–77.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Abiola Oluodo, L., Huda, N., & Fay Komilus, C. (2018). Potential Utilization of Rubber Seed Meal as Feed and Food. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4.43), 64-71. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.43.25821

    Received date: 2019-01-13

    Accepted date: 2019-01-13

    Published date: 2018-12-29