Pollution Sources Identification of Water Quality Using Chemometrics: a Case Study in Klang River Basin, Malaysia

  • Authors

    • Mohd Saiful Samsudin
    • Azman Azid
    • Saiful Iskandar Khalit
    • Shazlyn Milleana Shaharudin
    • Fathurrahman Lananan
    • Hafizan Hafizan Juahir
    2018-12-29
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.43.25824
  • Chemometric, Water Quality, Principal Component Analysis, Absolute Principle Component Scores- Multiple Linear Regressions, Hierarchical Agglomerative Cluster Analysis.

  • Abstract

    The objectives of this paper are to review the status of Klang River Basin and to investigate the most significant pollutant using chemometric techniques. The extraction of secondary physico-chemical water quality data by Department of Environment, Malaysia from 2003 to 2007 were taken. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) used to identify the significant water quality parameters and Absolute Principal Component Scores-Multiple Linear Regression (APCS-MLR) was applied to evaluate which pollution source contributed the most significant from the other factors. Then, Hierarchical Agglomerative Cluster Analysis (HACA) was used to find which monitoring station of Klang River provided the most significant pollutant. The result shows 9 PCs (75% of the total variance) which extracted from PCA. APCS-MLR model revealed anthropogenic activities which NH3-N as the main parameter is the most significant in Klang River. Based on HACA specified 1K16 has the highest amount of NH3-N concentration in Klang River.  Therefore, the utilization of envirometric techniques achieved the research objectives which will beneficial for present and future river water quality management.

     

     

  • References

    1. [1] Aertsen, W., Kint, V., Orshoven, J.V., Ozkan, K. & Muys, B. (2010) Comparison and ranking of different modelling techniques for prediction of site index in Mediterranean mountain forests. Ecological Modelling 221, 1119–1130.

      [2] Hernández-Romero, A. H., Tovilla-Hernández, C., Malo, E.A. & Bello-Mendoza, R. (2004) Water quality and presence of pesticides in a tropical coastal wetland in southern Mexico. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48, 1130–1141.

      [3] Lermontov, A., Yokoyama, Li’dia., Lermontov, M. & Machado, M. A. S. (2009) River quality analysis using fuzzy water quality index: Ribeira do Iguape river watershed, Brazil. Ecological Indicators 9, 1188–1197.

      [4] Mamun, A. A. & Zainudin, Z. (2013) Sustainable River Water Quality Management in Malaysia. IIUM Engineering Journal 14(1), 29-42.

      [5] Rahman, M. A. A. (2010) Laporan Awal Pemuliharaan dan Pembangunan Sungai Klang.Pengenalan Lembangan Sungai Klang; Selangor Town and Country Planning Development; http://www.jpbdselangor.gov.my; 27 Mac 2010.

      [6] Balamurugan, G. (1991) Sediment Balance and Delivery In a Humid Tropical Urban River Basin: The Klang River, Malaysia. Catena Verlag 18, 271-287.

      [7] DOS (Department of Statistic) (2010). Kompendium Perangkaan Alam Sekitar, Malaysia 2010; Portal Rasmi Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia; www.dosm.gov.my; 23 December 2010.

      [8] Nasir, M. F. M., M.S. Samsudin., I. Mohamad., M.R.A. Awaluddin., M.A. Mansor., H. Juahir. & N. Ramli. (2011) River Water Quality Modeling Using Combined Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Multiple Linear Regressions (MLR): A Case Study at Klang River, Malaysia. World Applied Sciences Journal 14, 73-82.

      [9] Balan, A. (2012) Saving Sungai Klang. Klang, Selangor: The Malaysian Times, The Malaysian Times Sdn Bhd.

      [10] Sojka, M., M. Siepak., A. Zioła., M. Frankowski., S. Murat-Błażejewska. & J. Siepak (2008) Application of multivariate statistical techniques to evaluation of water quality in the Mała Wełna River (Western Poland). Environ Monit Assess 147, 159–170.

      [11] Juahir, H., Retnam, A., Zali, M. A. & Hashim, M. F. (2011) A comparison between multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) for river class prediction at Klang river, Malaysia. Contemporary Environmental Quality Management in Malaysia and Selected Countries. Universiti Putra Malaysia Press, Serdang.

      [12] Samsudin, M. S., Juahir, H., Zain, S. M. & Adnan, N. H. (2011) Surface river water quality interpretation using environmetric techniques: Case study at Perlis River Basin, Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Protection 1(5), 1-8.

      [13] Güler, C., Thyne, G.D., McCray, J.E. & Turner, A.K. (2002). Evaluation of graphical and multivariate statistical methods for classification of water chemistry data. Hydrogeology Journal 10 (4), 455–474.

      [14] Kowalkowski, T., Zbytniewski, R., Szpejna, J. & Buszewski, B., (2006) Application of chemometrics in river water classification. Water Research 40(4), 744–752.

      [15] Gazzaz, N. M., Yusoff, M. K., Ramli, M. F., Aris, A. Z. & Juahir, H. (2012) Characterization of spatial patterns in river water quality using chemometric pattern recognition techniques. Marine Pollution Bulletin 64 (4), 688-698

      [16] Reimann, C., Filzmoser, P. & Garrett, R.G. (2002) Factor Analysis Applied To Regional Geochemical Data: Problems And Possibilities. Applied Geochemistry 17(3), 185–206.

      [17] Simeonov, V., Einax, J.W., Stanimirova, I. & Kraft, J., 2002. (2002) Environmetric modeling and interpretation of river water monitoring data. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 374 (5), 898–905.

      [18] Shaharudin, S.M., Ahmad, N. & Zainuddin, N.H. (2013) Improved Cluster Partition in Principal Component Analysis Guided Clustering. International Journal of Computer Applications 75(11), 1162-1167.

      [19] Everitt, B. S. & Dunn, G. (2001) Applied Multivariate Data Analysis. London: Arnold Publisher.

      [20] Dominick, D., Juahir, H., Latif, M. T., Zain, S. M. & Aris, A. Z (2012) Spatial assessment of air quality patterns in Malaysia using multivariate analysis. Atmospheric Environment 60, 172-181.

      [21] Samsudin, M. S., Azid, A., Khalit, S. I., Saudi, A. S. M. & Zaudi, M. A. (2017) River water quality assessment using APCS-MLR and statistical process control in Johor River Basin, Malaysia. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences 4(8), 84-97.

      [22] Azid, A., Juahir, H., Toriman, M. E., Kamarudin, M. K. A., Saudi, A. S. M., Hasnam, C. N. C., Aziz, N. A. A., Azaman, F., Latiff, M. T., Zainuddin, S. F. M., Osman, M. R. & Yamim, M. (2014) Prediction of the level of air pollution using principal component analysis and artificial neural network techniques: a case study in Malaysia. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 225(8), 2063.

      [23] Neware, S., Mehta, K. & Zadgaonkar, A. S. (2013) Finger knuckle identification using principal component analysis and nearest mean classifier. International Journal of Computer Applications 70(9), 18-23.

      [24] Jolliffe, I. (2011) Principal component analysis. In International encyclopedia of statistical science (pp. 1094-1096). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

      [25] Shaharudin, S.M., Ahmad, N. & Zainuddin, N.H. (2018) Identification of Rainfall Patterns on Hydrological Simulation using Robust Principal Component Analysis. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 11(3), 22-25.

      [26] Peñarrocha, D., Estrela, M. J. & Millán, M. (2002) Classification of daily rainfall patterns in a Mediterranean area with extreme intensity levels: the Valencia region. International Journal of Climatology 22(6), 677-695.

      [27] Wickramagamage, P. (2010) Seasonality and spatial pattern of rainfall of Sri Lanka: Exploratory factor analysis. International Journal of Climatology 30(8), 1235-1245.

      [28] Osman, R., Saim, N., Juahir, H. & Abdullah, Md. (2009) Chemometric application in identifying sources of organic contaminants in Langat river basin. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 1-14.

      [29] Samsudin, M. S., Khalit, S. I., Azid, A., Juahir, H., Saudi, A. S. M., Sharip, Z. & Zaudi, M. A. (2017) Control limit detection for source apportionment in Perlis River Basin, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 13(3), 294-303.

      [30] Vega, M., Pardo, R., Barrado, E. & Deban, L. (1998) Assessment of seasonal and polluting effects on the quality of river water by exploratory data analysis. Water Research 32, 3581-3592.

      [31] Liu, C. W., Lin, K. H. & Kuo, Y. M. (2003) Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in a Blackfoot disease area in Taiwan. Science in the Total Environment 313, 77-89.

      [32] Retnam, A., Zakaria, M. P., Juahir, H., Aris, A. Z., Zali, M. A. & Kasim, M. F. (2013) Chemometric Techniques In Distribution, Characterisation And Source Apportionment Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHS) In Aquaculture Sediments In Malaysia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 69, 55–66.

      [33] Feng Zhou, Gordon, H. H., Huaicheng, Guo, Wei Zhang & Zejia Hao. (2007) Spatio-temporal patterns and source apportionment of coastal water pollution in eastern Hong Kong. Water Research 41, 3429 – 3439.

      [34] Simeonova, V., Stratisb, J. A., Samarac, C., Zachariadisb, G., Voutsac, D., Anthemidis, A., Sofonioub, M. & Kouimtzisc, T. H. (2003) Assessment of the surface water quality in Northern Greece. Water Research 37, 4119–4124.

      [35] Allen, P. D. & Richard, H. M. (2005) Stormwater Management for Smart Growth.United States of America: Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.

      [36] Ilten, N. & Selici, T. (2008) Investigation the impacts of some meteorological parameters on air pollution in Balikesir, Turkey. Environment Monitoring Assessment 140, 259-266.

      [37] Singh, K. P., Malik, A., Mohan, D. & Sinha, S. (2004) Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River (India)—a case study. Water Research 38, 3980–3992.

      [38] Singh, K. P., Malik, A. & Sinha, S. (2005) Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Gomti river (India) using multivariate statistical techniques: a case study. Analytica Chimica Acta 538, 355-374.

      [39] Juahir, H., Zain, M. S, Aris, A. Z., Yusoff, M. K. & Mokhtar, M. (2010) Spatial assessment of Langat River water quality using chemometrics. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 12, 287-295

      [40] Shrestha, S. & Kazama.F. (2007) Assessment Of Surface Water Quality Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques: A Case Study Of The Fuji River Basin, Japan. Environmental Modelling & Software 22, 464-475.

      [41] Helena, B., Pardo, R., Vega, M., Barrado, E., Ferna´ndez, J. M. & Ferna´ndez, L. (2000) Temporal evolution of groundwater composition in an alluvial aquifer (Pisuerga river, Spain) by principal component analysis. Water Research 34, 807-816.

      [42] Juahir, H., Zain, M. S., Yusoff, M. K., Ismail, T. T. H., Samah, A. M. A., Toriman, M. E. & Mokhtar, M. (2010) Spatial water quality assessment of Langat River Basin (Malaysia) using environmetric techniques. Environ Monit Assess 173, 625–641.

      [43] Wu, B., Zhao, D., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X. & Cheng, S. (2009) Multivariate statistical study of organic pollutants in Nanjing reaches of Yangtze River. Journal of hazardous materials 169(1), 1093-1098.

      [44] Chigor, V.N., Umoh, J.V., Smith, I.S., Igbinosa, O.E. & Okoh, I.A. (2010) Multidrug Resistance and Plasmid Patterns of Escherichia coli O157 and Other E. coli Isolated from Diarrhoeal Stools and Surface Waters from Some Selected Sources in Zaria, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 7, 3831-3841.

      [45] Wyrwas, B. & Zgoła-Grześkowiak, A. (2013) Continuous Flow Methylene Blue Active Substances Method for the Determination of Anionic Surfactants in River Water and Biodegradation Test Samples. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents 17(1), 1-8.

      [46] Ghose, N. C., Saha, D. & Gupta, A. (2009) Synthetic Detergents (Surfactants) and Organochlorine Pesticide Signatures in Surface Water and Groundwater of Greater Kolkata, India. Journal of Water Resource and Protection. 4, 290-298.

      [47] Juahir, H., Ekhwan, T. M., Zain, S. M., Mokhtar, M., Zaihan, J. & Ijan Khushaida, M. J. (2008) The use of chemometrics analysis as a cost-effective tool in sustainable utilisation of water resources in the Langat River Catchment. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences 4(1), 258-265.

      [48] Ismail, Z., Salim, K., Othman, S. Z., Ramli, A. H., Shirazi, S. M., Karim, R. & Khoo, S. Y. (2013) Determining and comparing the levels of heavy metal concentrations in two selected urban river water. Measurement 46, 4135–4144.

      [49] Karcher, S., Caceres, L., Jekel, M. & Contreras, R. J. (1999) Arsenic removal from water supplies in Northern Chile using ferric chloride coagulation. Water and Environment Journal 13, 164 –169.

      [50] Hoang, T. H., Bang, S., Kim, K. W., Nguyen, M. H. & Dang, D. M. (2010) Arsenic in groundwater and sediment in the Mekong River delta, Vietnam. Environmental Pollution 158, 2648-2658.

      [51] Pires, J. C. M., Sousa, S.I.V., Pereira, M.C., Alvim-Ferraz, M.C.M. & Martins, F.G. (2008) Management of air quality monitoring using principal component and cluster .Analysise part I: SO2 and PM10. Atmospheric Environment 42, 1249-1260.

      [52] Mokhtar, M., Bahari, I., Hoh, Y. C. & Poon, A. (2001) Kajian kualiti air di sekitar Kawasan Perindustrian Subang Jaya dan Shah Alam, Lembah Kelang.Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences 7(1), 139-149.

      [53] Dom, N. M., Abustan, I. & Abdullah, R. (2012) Dissolved Organic Carbon Production and Runoff Quality of Sungai Kerayong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 12(4), 44-47.

      [54] Department of Environment, M. (DOE) (2017) Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2016. Putrajaya, Malaysia. p. 1-135.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Saiful Samsudin, M., Azid, A., Iskandar Khalit, S., Milleana Shaharudin, S., Lananan, F., & Hafizan Juahir, H. (2018). Pollution Sources Identification of Water Quality Using Chemometrics: a Case Study in Klang River Basin, Malaysia. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4.43), 83-89. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.43.25824

    Received date: 2019-01-13

    Accepted date: 2019-01-13

    Published date: 2018-12-29