Physicochemical Quality Assessment and Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Quality in Basrah, Iraq

  • Authors

    • Ammar Salman Dawood
    • Ahmed Sagban Khudier
    • Ahmed Naeemah Bashara
    2018-11-28
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20.25934
  • Assessment, Basrah, Groundwater, Irrigation water, Multivariate analysis..
  • Abstract

    Groundwater is the very vital natural resource which must not be essentially utilized and sustained unless its quality is precisely evaluated. A total of 41 groundwater samples were collected from selected areas within Basrah province in 2014 to assess its suitability for irrigation uses. Physicochemical indices such as permeability index (PI  5.44 to 84.32 meq L-1), percentage of sodium (Na%  8.87 to 51.03 meq L-1) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR 0.11 to 39.33 meq L-1) indicate that the groundwater in the study area is suitable for irrigation except for few locations.  The results show that the high values of total dissolved solids (TDS > 3000 mg L-1) for some samples minimized their application for irrigation. Principal component and cluster analyses were usually used as a supporting tool for assistance arrange and interpret the chemical analysis. Three principal components explanation for most of the variability in the groundwater data were represented.

     

     


  • References

    1. [1] Abbas, A.H.A., Dawood, A.S. and Al-Hasan, Z.M., 2017. EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY FOR DRINKING PURPOSE IN BASRAHGOVERNORATE BY USING APPLICATION OF WATER QUALITY INDEX. Kufa Journal of Engineering, 8(1), pp.65-78.

      [2] Adomako, D., Osae, S., Akiti, T.T., Faye, S. and Maloszewski, P., 2011. Geochemical and isotopic studies of groundwater conditions in the Densu River Basin of Ghana. Environmental Earth Sciences, 62(5), pp.1071-1084.

      [3] Aghazadeh, N. and Mogaddam, A.A., 2011. Investigation of hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in the Harzandat aquifer, Northwest of Iran. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 176(1-4), pp.183-195.

      [4] Al-Adhab, H. A., 2011. The Feasibility of Using Groundwater in Um-Qasr Area for Domestic and Agricultural Purposes. Master thesis, college of engineering, University of Basrah.

      [5] Al-Asadiy, S.A.A.A. and Atiaa, A.M., 2007. Management of Groundwater Reseource of Dibdibba Sandy Aquifer in Safwan-Zubair Area, South of Iraq. ADAB AL-BASRAH, (42), pp.31-49.

      [6] At-Temimi, Y.K., 2016. EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER PROPERTIES IN BORDERLINE BETWEEN IRAQ AND KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA FOR DIFFERENT USES. Al-Qadisiya Journal for Engineering Sciences, 9(1), pp.73-86.

      [7] Back, W., 1966. Hydrochemical facies and ground-water flow patterns in northern part of Atlantic Coastal Plain (No. 498-A). US Government Printing Office.

      [8] Bahar, M.M. and Reza, M.S., 2010. Hydrochemical characteristics and quality assessment of shallow groundwater in a coastal area of Southwest Bangladesh. Environmental Earth Sciences, 61(5), pp.1065-1073.

      [9] Davis, S.N. and DeWiest, R.J.M., 1966. Hydrogeology New York. Willey, London, 463.

      [10] Dawood, A.S. and Ahmed, A.N., 2016. Using GIS for Assess the Groundwater Quality in Southwest Side of Basrah City. Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology (MJET), 4(2), pp.75-87.

      [11] Doneen, L.D., 1964. Notes on water quality in Agriculture Published as a Water Science and Engineering Paper 4001. Department of Water Science and Engineering, University of California.

      [12] Edet, A. and Worden, R.H., 2009. Monitoring of the physical parameters and evaluation of the chemical composition of river and groundwater in Calabar (Southeastern Nigeria). Environmental monitoring and assessment, 157(1-4), pp.243-258.

      [13] Edet, A.E., Worden, R.H., Mohammed, E.A. and Preston, M.R., 2012. Hydrogeochemical processes in a shallow coastal plain sand aquifer and tidal river systems (Calabar, Southeastern Nigeria): tracking wastewater and seawater pollution in ground and river waters. Environmental Earth Sciences, 65(7), pp.1933-1953.

      [14] Gibrilla, A., Osae, S., Akiti, T.T., Adomako, D., Ganyaglo, S.Y., Bam, E.P. and Hadisu, A., 2010. Origin of dissolve ions in groundwaters in the northern Densu River Basin of Ghana using stable isotopes of 18O and 2H. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2(12), p.1010.

      [15] Kowalkowski, T., Zbytniewski, R., Szpejna, J. and Buszewski, B., 2006. Application of chemometrics in river water classification. Water research, 40(4), pp.744-752.

      [16] Kumar, S.K., Rammohan, V., Sahayam, J.D. and Jeevanandam, M., 2009. Assessment of groundwater quality and hydrogeochemistry of Manimuktha River basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 159(1-4), p.341.

      [17] Liu, C.W., Lin, K.H. and Kuo, Y.M., 2003. Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in a blackfoot disease area in Taiwan. Science of the Total Environment, 313(1-3), pp.77-89.

      [18] Manjusree, T.M., Joseph, S. and Thomas, J., 2009. Hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality in the coastal sandy clay aquifers of Alappuzha district, Kerala. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 74(4), p.459.

      [19] Marengo, E., Gennaro, M.C., Giacosa, D., Abrigo, C., Saini, G. and Avignone, M.T., 1995. How chemometrics can helpfully assist in evaluating environmental data. Lagoon water. Analytica Chimica Acta, 317(1-3), pp.53-63.

      [20] Meglen, R.R., 1991. Examining large databases: a chemometric approach using principal component analysis. Journal of chemometrics, 5(3), pp.163-179.

      [21] Meglen, R.R., 1991. Examining large databases: a chemometric approach using principal component analysis. Journal of chemometrics, 5(3), pp.163-179.

      [22] Meteorological data ,2013. Unpublished Climatic Data for the Years from 2000 to 2013, Basrah International Airport, Basrah, Iraq.

      [23] Nagaraju, A., Suresh, S., Killham, K. and Hudson-Edwards, K., 2006. Hydrogeochemistry of waters of mangampeta barite mining area, Cuddapah Basin, Andhra Pradesh, India. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 30(4), pp.203-219.

      [24] Raghunath, H.M., 1987. Geochemical survey and water quality (pp. 343–347). New Delhi: Groundwater Wiley eastern limited.

      [25] Rajankar, P.N., Gulhane, S.R., Tambekar, D.H., Ramteke, D.S. and Wate, S.R., 2009. Water quality assessment of groundwater resources in Nagpur Region (India) based on WQI. Journal of Chemistry, 6(3), pp.905-908.

      [26] Richards, L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils (Vol. 78, No. 2, p. 154). LWW.

      [27] Sami, K., 1992. Recharge mechanisms and geochemical processes in a semi-arid sedimentary basin, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Journal of Hydrology, 139(1-4), pp.27-48.

      [28] Sissakian, V., Abdul Ahad, A., Al-Ansari, N. and Knutsson, S., 2017. Geomorphology, Geology and Tectonics of JabalSanam, Southern Iraq: Geomorphology, Geology and Tectonics of Jabal Sanam, Southern Iraq. Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, 7(3), pp.97-113.

      [29] Srivastava, A.K. and Sinha, D.K., 1994. Water Quality Index for river Sai at Rae Bareli for the pre-monsoon period and after the onset of monsoon. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 14(5), pp.340-345.

      [30] Sundaray, S.K., Nayak, B.B. and Bhatta, D., 2009. Environmental studies on river water quality with reference to suitability for agricultural purposes: Mahanadi river estuarine system, India–a case study. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 155(1-4), pp.227-243.

      [31] Tiwari, T.N. and Manzoor, A., 1988. Pollution of Subarnarekha river near Jamshedpur and the suitability of its water for irrigation. Indian journal of environmental protection, 8(7), pp.494-497.

      [32] Todd, D.K., 1980. Groundwater hydrology 2ed. John Wiley.

      [33] WHO, G., 1984. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality 2nd. ISBN, 924, p.154460.

      [34] Wilcox, L., 1955. Classification and use of irrigation waters.

      [35] World Health Organization, 1998. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Vol. 2, Health criteria and other supporting information: addendum (No. WHO/EOS/98.1). Geneva: World Health Organization.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Salman Dawood, A., Sagban Khudier, A., & Naeemah Bashara, A. (2018). Physicochemical Quality Assessment and Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Quality in Basrah, Iraq. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4.20), 245-250. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20.25934

    Received date: 2019-01-16

    Accepted date: 2019-01-16

    Published date: 2018-11-28