Spatial-temporal assessment and characterizing urban sprawl for the city of Sulaymaniah-Iraq from 1925-2018

  • Authors

    • sivan Hisham Taher Al Jarah Lecturer
    • Bo Zhou Professor
    2018-11-05
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.27169
  • Urbanization, Urban Sprawl, Spatiotemporal Analysis, Sulaymaniah, Iraq.

  • Abstract

    Urbanization changes urban landscapes and results in environmental and ecological exhaustion. The dramatic growth of urbanization has been the main controversial concern of many studies due to the passive impacts on the city-built environment. Measuring and characterizing urban sprawl are the main focus of this study. A sequential growth of the city of Sulaymaniah in Iraq has been investigated through quantifying and analyzing the spatial-temporal expansion of the city from 1925 -2018. The study method deviates from triangular method by combining three different approaches; Remote Sensing/GIS, qualitative analysis, and literature review. The study results reveal that Sulaymaniah experienced a tremendous urban pressure especially after 2003, as a result of rapid population growth caused by the enormous migration from other cities of Iraq and neighboring countries, many urban areas have experienced exhaustion of social amenities in the concerned communities. The study findings show that the urban chaos and uncontrolled growth have been an irreversible phenomenon in the structure of the city, likewise, a significance damages have appeared environmentally and ecologically. The outcomes of this study could be a reference point for experts and planners in structuring the new urban growth policies and tools for driving the foreseeable urbanization process which is required in coordinating the future development.

     

     

  • References

    1. [1] S. García-Ayllón, “Rapid development as a factor of imbalance in urban growth of cities in Latin America: A perspective based on territorial indicators,†Habitat International, vol. 58, pp. 127–142, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.10.005.

      [2] B. Bhatta, “Causes and Consequences of Urban Growth and Sprawl,†in Analysis of Urban Growth and Sprawl from Remote Sensing Data, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010, pp. 17–36.

      [3] Abu Ghurah, Kamarudin, and Abd Wahab, “Assessment of urban growth and sprawl using GIS and remote sensing techniques in South Ghor region, Al-Karak, Jordan.,†International Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 7, no. 14, pp. 5–11, 2018. https://www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/ijet/article/view/16853/7270.

      [4] Y. Sun, S. Zhao, and W. Qu, “Quantifying spatiotemporal patterns of urban expansion in three capital cities in Northeast China over the past three decades using satellite data sets,†Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 73, no. 11, pp. 1–15, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3901-6.

      [5] N. Abhishek, M. Jenamani, and B. Mahanty, “Urban growth in Indian cities: Are the driving forces really changing?†Habitat International, vol. 69, pp. 48–57, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.08.002.

      [6] K. Lal, D. Kumar, and A. Kumar, “Spatio-temporal landscape modeling of urban growth patterns in Dhanbad Urban Agglomeration, India using geoinformatics techniques,†Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing & Space Science, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 91–102, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2017.01.003.

      [7] A. González, A. Donnelly, M. Jones, N. Chrysoulakis, and M. Lopes, “A decision-support system for sustainable urban metabolism in Europe,†Environmental Impact Assessment Review, vol. 38, pp. 109–119, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2012.06.007.

      [8] E. T. Umaru, W. T. Aiyejina, N. T. A. Abdrazack, and A. M. Ajagbe, “The Impact of Non-Residential Tertiary Institutions on Housing in Lagos: A Case Study of Lagos State University,†2012. http://eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/id/eprint/4975.

      [9] R. F. M. Ameen and M. Mourshed, “Urban environmental challenges in developing countries—A stakeholder perspective,†Habitat International, vol. 64, pp. 1–10, Jun. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.04.002.

      [10] J. S. Desalvo and Q. Su, “The determinants of urban sprawl: theory and estimation,†International Journal of Urban Sciences, pp. 1–17, 2018.

      [11] R. Goetzke, Modeling Urban Sprawl. 2014. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-7969-3_14.

      [12] J. Gong, Z. Hu, W. Chen, Y. Liu, and J. Wang, “Urban expansion dynamics and modes in metropolitan Guangzhou, China,†Land Use Policy, vol. 72, pp. 100–109, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.12.025.

      [13] T. J. Nechyba and R. P. Walsh, “Urban Sprawl,†Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 177–200, 2004. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3216798?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. https://doi.org/10.1257/0895330042632681.

      [14] S. Habibi and N. Asadi, “Causes, Results and Methods of Controlling Urban Sprawl,†Procedia Engineering, vol. 21, pp. 133–141, 2011.

      [15] G. D. Squires, “Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Responses,†Externalities, 2002. http://webarchive.urban.org/publications/210460.html. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.1996.

      [16] E. S. Mills, “Urban sprawl causes, consequences and policy responses: Gregory D. Squires, editor. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press, 2002,†Regional Science & Urban Economics, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 251–252, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0462(02)00061-3.

      [17] Z. Chen, Y. Liu, A. Stein, and L. Jiao, “Characterization and spatial modeling of urban sprawl in the Wuhan Metropolitan Area, China,†International Journal of Applied Earth Observations & Geoinformation, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 10–24, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2014.06.012.

      [18] E. I. Hennig, C. Schwick, T. Soukup, E. Orlitová, F. Kienast, and J. A. G. Jaeger, “Multi-scale analysis of urban sprawl in Europe: Towards a European de-sprawling strategy ☆,†Land Use Policy, vol. 49, pp. 483–498, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.08.001.

      [19] J. A. Alnsour, “Managing urban growth in the city of Amman, Jordan,†Cities, vol. 50, pp. 93–99, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.08.011.

      [20] E. E. Duncan, S. E. Eluwa, and A. A. Musibau, “Urbanization and 3D City Moelling for Developing Countries: A Comparative Study,†Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 1–20, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1681-4835.2012.tb00384.x.

      [21] T. Osman, P. Divigalpitiya, and T. Arima, “Driving factors of urban sprawl in Giza Governorate of Greater Cairo Metropolitan Region using AHP method,†Land Use Policy, vol. 58, pp. 21–31, 2016.http:// www.mdpi.com/journal/environments. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.07.013.

      [22] Y. Shi, X. Sun, X. Zhu, L. I. Yangfan, and L. Mei, “Characterizing growth types and analyzing growth density distribution in response to urban growth patterns in peri-urban areas of Lianyungang City,†Landscape & Urban Planning, vol. 98, no. 2, pp. 425–433, 2010.

      [23] C. Sun, Z. Wu, Z. Lv, N. Yao, and J. Wei, “Quantifying different types of urban growth and the change dynamic in Guangzhou using multi-temporal remote sensing data,†International Journal of Applied Earth Observation & Geoinformation, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 409–417, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2011.12.012.

      [24] F. M. Xi et al., “[Spatiotemporal pattern of urban growth and its driving forces in urban agglomeration of central Liaoning Province, China],†Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology / Zhongguo sheng tai xue xue hui, Zhongguo ke xue yuan Shenyang ying yong sheng tai yan jiu suo zhu ban, vol. 21, no. 3, p. 707, 2010.

      [25] R. Tan, Y. Liu, K. Zhou, L. Jiao, and T. Wei, “A game-theory based agent-cellular model for use in urban growth simulation: A case study of the rapidly urbanizing Wuhan area of central China,†Computers Environment & Urban Systems, vol. 49, pp. 15–29, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2014.09.001.

      [26] S. Jarah, B. Zhou, R. Abdullah, Y. Lu, and W. Yu, “Urbanization and Urban Sprawl Issues in City Structure: A Case of the Sulaymaniah Iraqi Kurdistan Region,†Sustainability, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 485, Jan. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020485.

      [27] G. Galster, “Wrestling Sprawl to the Ground: Defining and Measuring an Elusive Concept,†Housing Policy Debate, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 681–717, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2001.9521426.

      [28] Z. Tao, J. Liu, and X. Deng, “Spatial patterns of urban land expansion of super-cities of China in 1990s,†in IEEE International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2004.1370369.

      [29] S. F. Mahmud, “Urban Policy in Iraq For The Period 1970-2012, Evaluation Study,†Journal of Advanced Social Research, 2014.

      [30] L. A. N. Raouf, “Housing and social segregation in Iraq,†pp. 368–382, 2010.

      [31] G. Stansfield, “The unravelling of the post-First World War state system? The Kurdistan Region of Iraq and the transformation of the Middle East,†International Affairs, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 259–282, Mar. 2013.

      [32] M. M. Gunter, “Arab–Kurdish Relations and the Future of Iraq,†Third World Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1623–1635, Oct. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2011.618649.

      [33] J. J. Arsanjani, M. Helbich, and E. D. N. Vaz, “Spatiotemporal simulation of urban growth patterns using agent-based modeling: The case of Tehran,†Cities, vol. 32, no. 32, pp. 33–42, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.01.005.

      [34] L. R. Phillips, “A comparative study of growth management effectiveness and urban sprawl in two thoroughbred landscapes in the U.S,†Applied Geography, vol. 65, pp. 58–69, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.09.002.

      [35] J. Abbott and D. Douglas, “The use of longitudinal spatial analyses of informal settlements in urban development planning,†Development Southern Africa, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 3–19, 2003. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03768835022000019301. https://doi.org/10.1080/03768835022000019301.

      [36] Kayfi Akram Mawlan, Norazmawati Md Sani, Kausar Hj Ali, and Abdul Gaphar Othman, “SPATIAL_INTEGRATION_OF_INFORMAL_SETTLEMENTS_IN_THE_URBAN_FABRIC_CASE_STUDY_OF_ERBIL_CITY_IRAQ,†2013.

      [37] R. Salvia, P. Serra, I. Zambon, M. Cecchini, and L. Salvati, “In-Between Sprawl and Neo-Rurality: Sparse Settlements and the Evolution of Socio-Demographic Local Context in a Mediterranean Region,†Sustainability, vol. 10, no. 10, p. 3670, Oct. 2018.

      [38] J. W. Creswell, “Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach (3rd ed.).,†Manual Therapy, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 103, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2010.09.003.

      [39] T. Damianakis and M. R. Woodford, “Qualitative research with small connected communities: generating new knowledge while upholding research ethics,†Qual Health Res, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 708–718, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732311431444.

      [40] J. Miles Matthew B. |Huberman. A. Michael|Saldana, “Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook. Third Edition.†Sage Publications Ltd, 2014.

      [41] M. Herold, N. C. Goldstein, and K. C. Clarke, “The spatiotemporal form of urban growth: measurement, analysis and modeling,†Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 286–302, Aug. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00075-0.

      [42] F. Mu and L. Zuo, “Spatial and temporal dynamic of urban sprawl in West China: a case study of Chongqing, China,†in Geoinformatics & Joint Conference on Gis & Built Environment: Geo-simulation & Virtual Gis Environments, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.812558.

      [43] B. M. Burke, “Book Review: Who Sprawls Most? How Growth Patterns Differ Across the U.S. William Fulton, Rolf Pendall, Mai Nguyen, and Alicia Harrison. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, July 2001 (www.brook.edu/urban/fulton%2d pendall.htm),†Population & Environment, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 428–434, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014580904160.

      [44] D. Conradson, “[Book review] Dear M. and Flusty, S. 2002: The spaces of postmodernity: readings in human geography.,†2004.

      [45] Y. S. Lincoln and E. E. Guba, “RESEARCH, EVALUATION, AND POLICY ANALYSIS: HEURISTICS FOR DISCIPLINED INQUIRY,†Review of Policy Research, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 546–565, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.1986.tb00429.x.

      [46] Morris, “History of Urban Form before the Industrial Revolution by A. E. J. Morris,†Review of Architecture & Building Science, vol. 56, no. 3, p. 340, 2012.

      [47] C. Sabr, “A STUDY ON THE URBAN FORM OF ERBIL CITY (THE CAPITAL OF KURDISTAN REGION) AS AN EXAMPLE OF HISTORICAL AND FAST-GROWING CITY,†Humanities and Social Sciences Review, pp. 325–340, 2014.

      [48] S. Jacobs, B. Burkhard, T. V. Daele, J. Staes, and A. Schneiders, “‘The Matrix Reloaded’: A review of expert knowledge use for mapping ecosystem services,†Ecological Modelling, vol. 295, pp. 21–30, 2015.

      [49] Ma, “Ecosystems and human well-being: Synthesis,†Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA), Washington, DC: Island Press/World. Resources Institute. 2005.

      [50] M. D. Mastrandrea et al., “The IPCC AR5 guidance note on consistent treatment of uncertainties: a common approach across the working groups,†Climatic Change, vol. 108, no. 4, pp. 675–691, Oct. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0178-6.

      [51] R. Potter, “Urbanisation and Planning in the Third World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation,†New York New York St, vol. 76, no. 3, p. 340, 2010. https://doi.org/10.2307/214160.

      [52] L. Chen, C. Ren, B. Zhang, Z. Wang, and M. Liu, “Quantifying Urban Land Sprawl and its Driving Forces in Northeast China from 1990 to 2015,†Sustainability, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 188, Jan. 2018. 10, 188.

      [53] X. Z. Deng, J. Y. Zhan, R. Chen, and Ieee, “The patterns and driving forces of urban sprawl in China,†in IEEE International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium, 2005.

      [54] P. N. Glendening, “Book: Urban Sprawl and Public Health: Designing, Planning, and Building for Healthy Communities,†Journal of Industrial Ecology, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 151–153, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1162/jie.2007.1260.

      [55] H. A. H. Kahachi and A. J. Jafer, “Urban sprawl on agricultural land in Iraq-The factors and impacts A study of Karkh area in the city of Baghdad,†International Journal of Environment & Water, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 69–76, 2015. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hussaen_Kahachi.

      [56] E. Stam, P. Gibcus, J. Telussa, and E. W. Garnsey, “Employment Growth of New Firms,†Ssrn Electronic Journal, 2008. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1923081.

      [57] S. K. Goodall, “Rural-to-urban Migration and Urbanization in Leh, Ladakh,†Mountain Research & Development, vol. 34, no. Aug 2004, pp. 220–227, 2016.

      [58] D. Harvey, “Rural psychologists’ network,†Australian Journal of Rural Health, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 173, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1584.2000.00310.x.

      [59] R. Jedwab, L. Christiaensen, and M. Gindelsky, “Demography, urbanization and development: Rural push, urban pull and … urban push? ☆,†Journal of Urban Economics, vol. 98, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2015.09.002.

      [60] L. Y. He and X. C. Wen, “Population growth, interest rate, and housing tax in the transitional China,†Physica A Statistical Mechanics & Its Applications, vol. 469, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2016.11.057.

      [61] M. M. Maya, “Transportation Planning and the Prevention of Urban Sprawl,†New York University Law Review, vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 879–910, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2008.00347_6.x.

      [62] Q. Cai, Z. Wang, and L. Xiao, “The Effect of Transportation and Housing Subsidies on Urban Sprawl,†Journal of Systems Science & Information, no. 3, 2018. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JSSI201803003.htm.

      [63] S. Hamidi and R. Ewing, “Is Sprawl Affordable for Americans? Exploring the Association Between Housing and Transportation Affordability and Urban Sprawl,†Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board, vol. 2500, pp. 75–79, 2016. https://doi.org/10.3141/2500-09.

      [64] C. Wang and X. Jing, “Study on the Implementation Effect of Land Use Planning in Changzhi,†Journal of Taiyuan Normal University, 2015. http://www.en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-SJYX201504021.htm.

      [65] M. G. Boarnet, R. B. Mclaughlin, and J. I. Carruthers, “Does state growth management change the pattern of urban growth? Evidence from Florida ☆,†Regional Science & Urban Economics, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 236–252, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2010.12.004.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Hisham Taher Al Jarah, sivan, & Zhou, B. (2018). Spatial-temporal assessment and characterizing urban sprawl for the city of Sulaymaniah-Iraq from 1925-2018. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4), 5038-5046. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.27169

    Received date: 2019-02-08

    Accepted date: 2019-02-19

    Published date: 2018-11-05