Synthesis and Characterization of Alkali Free Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxide for Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel: Effect of Mg/Al Ratio

  • Authors

    • Erma Hafiza Ibrahim
    • Nazrizawati Ahmad Tajuddin
    • Noraini Hamzah
    2019-12-24
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27518
  • Alkali free, Biodiesel, Characterization, Esterification, Layered double hydroxide, Transesterification

  • Abstract

    The depletion of fossil fuels and the concerned toward environmental sustainability have created a considerable to alternate development of sources of energy as substitute for traditional fossil fuels. The biodiesel production has been reported to be an ideal solution as alternative diesel fuel due to its environmental benefits. Thus, the transesterification of waste cooking oil with methanol in the presence of Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (LDHs) as a heterogeneous catalyst was studied to produce the biodiesel. In this work, Mg-Al-LDH was fabricated via alkali free co-precipitation method with final Mg/Al ratio of 4:1, 3:1 and 2:1. The product of co-precipitation was undergone aging process for 24 h. Then it was placed in oven at 100 â°C overnight and finally was calcined at 450 â°C for 5 h. The correlation of crystallinity, morphology and particle size of Mg-Al-LDH before and after calcined were examined and compared. X-ray diffraction analyse (XRD) was used to study the textural and structural characteristics of the samples. Particle size, morphology and particle properties were characterize by Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) and Scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM). The bonding and structural of Mg-Al-LDH was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used for the elemental analysis of the samples. The catalytic activity was evaluated by the transesterification reaction under the following reaction condition: temperature (60 â°C-65 â°C), time (24 h) and methanol to oil ratio (15:1) .The greatest yield was 85.2% and obtained with combination of 4:1 Mg/Al ratio followed by 3:1 and 2:1 ratio.

     

     

  • References

    1. [1] Sulaiman, N. M. N., Atadashi, L. M., Aroua, M. K. and Abdul Aziz, A. R. (2012). The Effects of Water on Biodiesel Production and Refining Technologies: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 3456-3470.

      [2] Abeke, M., Omotoso., Alex, O. (2015). A Review of Biodiesel Generation from Non- Edible Seed Oils Crop Using Non-Conventional Heterogeneous Catalysts. Journal of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels, 6(1), 1-12.

      [3] Vafakish, B. and Barari, M. (2017). Biodiesel Production by Transesterification of Tallow Fat Using Heterogeneous Catalysis. Journal of Catalyst, 66(2), 47-52.

      [4] Banerjee, A. and Chakraborty, R. (2009). Parametric Sensitivity in Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil for Biodiesel Production- A Review. Resource, Conservation and Recycling, 53, 490-497.

      [5] Talha, N. S. and Sulaiman, S. (2016). Overview of Catalysts in Biodiesel Production. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 11(1).

      [6] Reyero, I., Arzamendi, G. and Gandia, L. M. (2013). Hydrotalcites as Catalysts and Catalysts Precursors for the Synthesis of Biodiesel. Engineering Materials, 571, 1-26.

      [7] Richetta, M., Medaglia, P. G., Mattoccia, A., Varone, A. and Pizzoferrato, R. (2017). Layered Double Hydroxide: Tailoring Interlamellar Nanospace for a Vast Field of Applications. Journal of Material Sciences and Engineering, 6(4).

      [8] Kuwahara, Y. and Yamashita, H. (2015). Synthesis of Ca-Based Layered Double Hydroxide from Blast Furnace Slag and Its Catalytic Applications. ISIJ International, 55(7), 1531-1537.

      [9] Puscasu, C. M., Gherasim, C., Mardare, D. and Carja, G. (2013). Study of the Textural Properties of Some Layered Double Hydroxides. Acta Chemica IASI, 21, 1-8.

      [10] Simonetti, E. A. N. and Cortez, G.G. (2013). Transesterification of Soybean Oil with Ethanol Using Heterogeneous Catalysts Based on Hydrotalcites. Journal of Energy and Environment Research, 3(1).

      [11] Chen, C. L., Ho, K. C., Hsiao, P. X., Wu, M. S., Huang, C. C. and Chang, J. S. (2014). Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil by Two-Step Catalytic Conversion. Energy Procedia, 61, 1302-1305.

      [12] Bankauskaite, A. and Baltakys, K. (2014). The Formation of Different Mg-Al LDHs (Mg-Al = 2:1) Under Hydrothermal Conditions and Their Application for Zn2+ Ions Removal. Science of Sintering, 46, 95-106.

      [13] Puji, K., Bayu, W. and Is, F. (2014). Synthesis and Characterization of Hydrotalcite at Different Mg/Al Molar Ratios. Procedia Chemistry 17, 21-26.

      [14] Lin, C. H., Chu, H. L., Wang, M. C., Hwang, W. S. and Ko, H. H. (2017). Synthesis and Optical Properties of Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxides Precursor Powder. American Institute of Physics.

      [15] Martin, I. M., Pires, R. F and Alves, M. J. (2013). Transesterification of Soybean Oil for Biodiesel Production Using Hydrotalcite as Basic Catalyst. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 32, 817-822.

      [16] Nilwala, K. and Swarnapali, I. (2011). Synthesis and Characterization of Exfoliated Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH)/ Sugar Nanocomposites. Journal of National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 39(2), 113-119.

      [17] Sharma, Y. C., Singh, B. and Korstad, J. (2011). Latest Developments on Application of Heterogeneous Basic Catalysts for an Efficient and Eco Friendly Synthesis of Biodiesel: A review. Fuel, 90 (4), 1309-1324.

      [18] Deng, X., Fang, Z. and Yu, C.L. (2011). Production of Biodiesel from Jatropha Oil Catalyzed by Nanosized Solid Basic Catalyst. Energy, 1-8.

      [19] Marinkovic, M. M., Stojkovic, N. I., Vasic, M. B., Ljupkovic, R. B., Rancic, S. M, Spalovic, B. R. and Zarubica, A. R. (2016). Synthesis of Biodiesel from Sunflower Oil over Potassium Loaded Alumina as Heterogeneous Catalyst: The Effect of Process Parameters. 70(6), 639-648.

      [20] Huang, N. H. and Wang, J. Q. (2009). A New Route to Prepare Nanocomposites Based on Polyvinyl Chloride and Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxide Intercalated with Laurylether Phosphate. eXpress Polymer Letters, 3(9), 595-604.

      [21] Wang, G., Jia, H., Zhu, L., Li, M., Ren, Y. and Wang, Y. (2017). One-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nickel/Cobalt Double Hydroxide Composite Containing Reduced Graphene Oxide as High Performance Electrode Material for Supercapacitor. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 12, 3589-3596.

      [22] Wang, Y. T., Fang, Z., Zhang, F. and Xue, B. J. (2015). One- Step Production of Biodiesel from Oils with High Acid Value by Activated Mg-Al Hydrotalcite Nanoparticles. Bioresource Technology, 193, 84-89.

      [23] Wu, M., Zhang, J., Peng, Y., Zhou, Y., Ruan, X., Liu, J., Liu, Q., Xi, Y., Frost, R. and Qian, G. (2017). An investigation into Mechanism of Cation Adsorption by Reconstruction of Calcined Layered Double Hydroxide. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 242, 182-189.

      [24] Xiong, L. X., Liu, C. J. and Yuan, X. W. (2015). Effects of Calcined Mg-Al CO3 Layered Double Hyroxide on Resistance of Cement Mortar to Chloride Erosion. Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences, 22, 225-230.

      [25] Yaakob, Z., Mohammad, M., Alherbawi, M., Alam, Z. and Sopian, K. (2013). Overview of the Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18, 184-193.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Hafiza Ibrahim, E., Ahmad Tajuddin, N., & Hamzah, N. (2019). Synthesis and Characterization of Alkali Free Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxide for Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel: Effect of Mg/Al Ratio. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4.14), 154-157. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27518

    Received date: 2019-02-18

    Accepted date: 2019-02-18

    Published date: 2019-12-24