Evaluating The Visibility of Building Syrian Refugee Shelters by 3D Printing Technology in Jordan

  • Authors

    • Mohanad Akeila Swinburne University of Technology
    • Kelvin Kuok King Kuok Swinburne University of Technology
    • N. H. Matthew Wong Abu Dhabi University
    2019-09-20
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v8i3.29719
  • Syrian Refugees, 3D Printing Technology, Prefabricated Shelters, Jordanian Camps.
  • Abstract

    Syrian Refugees in Jordan are placed all over the country. Low income refugees are placed in Jordanian camps that miss the basic living standards such as water, electricity, and stable sheltering system. The weakness of refugee camps come in association to the short execution period of construction. New technologies such as 3D printing are emerging with potential to provide better sheltering solutions; however, these technologies are not yet properly explored for providing sustainable shelters to Syrian refugees in Jordan and therefore, this paper developed to evaluate the efficiency of 3D printing technology in comparison to transitional shelters that is commonly used over Jordanian camp, through developing a 3D printable shelter model that assist in studying the cost, the technical specification, and delivery time of shelter printed by the technology. After the comparison, it was found that the 3D printed shelter achieved lower construction cost, higher durability, and can be executed within the same period of transitional shelters.

     

     

  • References

    1. [1] UNHCR. UNHCR - Syria conflict at 7 years: “a colossal human tragedy†[Internet]. 2018 [cited 2019 Jan 20]. Available from: https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2018/3/5aa1ad2e4/syria-conflict-7-years-colossal-human-tragedy.html.

      [2] UNHCR. UNHCR - Figures at a Glance [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2018 Jun 23]. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html.

      [3] JIF. Syrian refugees in Jordan, A protection overview. 2018;(January). Available from: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/JIF-ProtectionBrief-2017-Final.pdf.

      [4] Alshawawreh L, Smith RS, Wood JB. Assessing the sheltering response in the Middle East: Studying Syrian camps in Jordan. Int J Humanit Soc Sci [Internet]. 2017;11(8):2016–22. Available from: https://waset.org/publications/10007596/assessing-the-sheltering-response-in-the-middle-east-studying-syrian-camps-in-jordan-

      [5] Sabie S, Chen J, Abouzied A, Hashim F, Kahlon H, Easterbrook S. Shelter Dynamics in Refugee and IDP Camps. Proc 2017 Work Comput Within Limits - LIMITS ’17 [Internet]. 2017;11–20. Available from: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3080556.3080560. https://doi.org/10.1145/3080556.3080560.

      [6] Marion C, Maurice H, Maureen S, Sharon E. Shelter in displacement. 2017;(55).

      [7] SyndiGate.info. Halabat: the first ever images from the new Syrian refugee camp in Jordan | Al Bawaba [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 Apr 23]. Available from: https://www.albawaba.com/editorchoice/new-zaatari-refugee-camp-466705

      [8] Rania AR. Developing User-Informed Specifications for Refugee Shelters in Hot-Dry Climates: A study of the Al Za’atari Camp in Jordan. University of Salford; 2017.

      [9] Woo J. BIM (Building information modeling) and pedagogical challenges. Proc 43rd ASC Natl Annu … [Internet]. 2006; Available from: http://ascpro0.ascweb.org/archives/cd/2007/paper/CEUE169002007.pdf

      [10] Lin Y-C. Use of BIM approach to enhance construction interface management: a case study. J Civ Eng Manag [Internet]. 2015;21(2):201–17. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3846/13923730.2013.802730. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.802730.

      [11] Ryan Duell, Tobias Hathorn, Tessa Reist H. Autodesk Revit Architecture 2016 ESSENTIALS [Internet]. Mary Beth Wakefield, editor. Indianapolis, Indiana: Jim Minatel; 2015. 402 p. Available from: www.ebook777.com

      [12] Rhumbix. 10 New Construction Technology Trends to Watch - Rhumbix [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2019 Jan 22]. Available from: https://rhumbix.com/10-new-construction-technology-trends-to-watch/

      [13] King DL, Babasola A, Rozario J. Mobile Open-Source Solar-Powered 3-D Printers for Distributed Manufacturing in Off-Grid Communities Mobile Open-Source Solar-Powered 3-D Printers for Distributed Manufacturing in Off-Grid Communities. 2015;(October 2014). https://doi.org/10.12924/cis2014.02010018.

      [14] Zaharia C, Gabor A-G, Gavrilovici A, Stan AT, Idorasi L, Sinescu C, et al. Digital Dentistry — 3D Printing Applications. J Interdiscip Med [Internet]. 2017;2(1):50–3. Available from: http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/jim.2017.2.issue-1/jim-2017-0032/jim-2017-0032.xml. https://doi.org/10.1515/jim-2017-0032.

      [15] Das A, Debnath B. 3D PRINTING : WHAT IT HAS TO OFFER TO THE SOCIETY ? 2018;(September).

      [16] Sakin M, Kiroglu YC. 3D Printing of Buildings: Construction of the Sustainable Houses of the Future by BIM. Energy Procedia [Internet]. 2017;134:702–11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.562.

      [17] Kamran M, Saxena A. A Comprehensive Study on 3D Printing Technology. MIT Int J Mech Eng [Internet]. 2016;6(2):63–9. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310961474

      [18] Grimm T. User’s Guide to Rapid Prototyping. Csizmadia R, editor. 2004. 55 p.

      [19] Schurig F. Slicing Algorithms for 3D-Printing. 2015;(Grimm 2004):1–13.

      [20] WinSun. News-Yingchuang Building Technique (Shanghai)Co.Ltd. (WinSun) [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2019 Jan 3]. Available from: http://www.winsun3d.com/En/News/news_inner/id/254

      [21] Ma Y. WINSUN 3D Printing New Era of Green Building Print a High-Tech City , Recycle a Green Planet. 2017;

      [22] Wagemann E. “Transitional accommodation after disaster: Short term solutions for long term necessities.†2012;(January):101. Available from: https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/261862/Wagemann-2012-MPhil.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

      [23] Gregory M, Hameedaldeen SA, Intumu LM, Spakousky JJ, Toms JB, Steenhuis HJ. 3D Printing and Disaster Shelter Costs. 2016;712–20. https://doi.org/10.1109/PICMET.2016.7806594.

      [24] ICON. Frequently Asked Questions — ICON [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2019 Feb 20]. Available from: https://www.iconbuild.com/faq

      [25] John. WinSun Technology for Refugee Shelters of the Middle East. 2018. p. 1–9.

      [26] Clarke C. Apis Cor 3D prints a house in one day - 3D Printing Industry [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2019 Feb 20]. Available from: https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/apis-cor-3d-prints-house-one-day-106783/

      [27] UNHCR. Camp planning standards ( planned settlements ). UNHCR Emerg Handb. 2016;01(4):1–8.

      [28] WinSun. Product Center-Yingchuang Building Technique (Shanghai)Co.Ltd. (WinSun) [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2019 Jan 4]. Available from: http://www.winsun3d.com/En/Product/pro_inner/id/3

      [29] The Sphere Project. Back Matter - The Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response. Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response. 2014. 355–393 p. https://doi.org/10.3362/9781908176202.008.

      [30] CNCemnet. Jordan increases cement prices [Internet]. Cement News. 2018 [cited 2019 Aug 16]. p. 1. Available from: https://www.cemnet.com/News/story/164545/jordan-increases-cement-prices.html

      [31] COBOD International A/S. The BOD 2 – Specifications [Internet]. Denmark; 2019. p. 0–11. Available from: https://cobod.com/bod2-specifications/

      [32] UNCHR. SHELTER DESIGN CATALOGUE [Internet]. UNHCR Shelter and Settlement Section. 2016 [cited 2019 May 20]. Available from: https://cms.emergency.unhcr.org/documents/11982/57181/Shelter+Design+Catalogue+January+2016/a891fdb2-4ef9-42d9-bf0f-c12002b3652e

      [33] shelterprojects.org. Jordan – 2013 – Syria conflict [Internet]. 2013. p. 3–4. Available from: http://shelterprojects.org/shelterprojects2013-2014/SP13-14_A10-Jordan-2013.pdf

      [34] Tubertini C. Better shelter - IKEA [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2019 Jan 14]. Available from: https://highlights.ikea.com/2017/better-shelter/

      [35] Weston P. Inside Zaatari refugee camp: the fourth largest city in Jordan - Telegraph [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Apr 23]. Available from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/jordan/11782770/What-is-life-like-inside-the-largest-Syrian-refugee-camp-Zaatari-in-Jordan.html

      [36] Aniwaa. BetAbram P1 review - house 3D printer (concrete structures) [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Mar 25]. Available from: https://www.aniwaa.com/product/3d-printers/betabram-p1/

      [37] Peters A. This House Can Be 3D-Printed For $4,000 [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2019 Jan 14]. Available from: https://www.fastcompany.com/40538464/this-house-can-be-3d-printed-for-4000

      [38] Gregurić L. How Much Does a 3D Printed House Cost in 2018? | All3DP [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2019 Jan 2]. Available from: https://all3dp.com/2/how-much-does-a-3d-printed-house-cost-in-2018/

      [39] BetterShelter. Product : Better Shelter [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2018 Jun 26]. Available from: http://www.bettershelter.org/product/.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Akeila, M., Kuok King Kuok, K., & H. Matthew Wong, N. (2019). Evaluating The Visibility of Building Syrian Refugee Shelters by 3D Printing Technology in Jordan. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 8(3), 377-385. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v8i3.29719

    Received date: 2019-08-01

    Accepted date: 2019-08-05

    Published date: 2019-09-20